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Born and raised in a secular Jewish family in Congress Poland, she became a German citizen in 1897. The same year, she was awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy from the University of Zurich , becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so.
1897.] INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS AT ZURICH. 45 THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF MATHE- MATICIANS AT ZURICH. THE call issued last spring for an International Congress of Mathematicians, to be held at Zurich in August of the past summer, was ‘responded to by two hundred mathema- ticians, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, Finnland,
- Life
- Assassination and Aftermath
- Thought
- Legacy
- Works
- See Also
Germany
Luxemburg wanted to move to Germany to be at the centre of the party struggle, but she had no way of obtaining permission to remain there indefinitely. In April 1897 she married the son of an old friend, Gustav Lübeck, in order to gain German citizenship. They never lived together and they formally divorced five years later. She returned briefly to Paris, then moved permanently to Berlin to begin her fight for Eduard Bernstein's constitutional reform movement. Luxemburg hated the stifling con...
In response to the uprising, Luxemburg's former student, German Chancellor and SPD leader Friedrich Ebert ordered the Freikorps to suppress the Soviet backed attempt at revolution, which was successfully crushed by 11 January 1919. Meanwhile, Luxemburg's Red Flagfalsely claimed that the rebellion was spreading across Germany. Luxemburg and Liebknec...
Revolutionary socialist democracy
Luxemburg professed a commitment to democracy and the necessity of revolution. Luxemburg's idea of democracy which Stanley Aronowitz calls "generalized democracy in an unarticulated form" represents Luxemburg's greatest break with "mainstream communism" since it effectively diminishes the role of the communist party, but it is in fact very similar to the views of Karl Marx ("The emancipation of the working classes must be conquered by the working classes themselves"). According to Aronowitz,...
The Accumulation of Capital
The Accumulation of Capital was the only work Luxemburg officially published on economics during her lifetime. In the polemic, she argued that capitalism needs to constantly expand into non-capitalist areas in order to access new supply sources, markets for surplus value and reservoirs of labour. According to Luxemburg, Marx had made an error in Das Kapitalin that the proletariat could not afford to buy the commodities they produced and by his own criteria it was impossible for capitalists to...
Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisation
The Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisation was the central feature of Luxemburg's political philosophy, wherein spontaneity is a grassroots approach to organising a party-oriented class struggle. She argued that spontaneity and organisation are not separable or separate activities, but different moments of one political process as one does not exist without the other. Luxemburg did not hold spontaneism as an abstraction, but she developed the Dialectic of Spontaneity and Organisation under...
Poland
In spite of her own Polish nationality and strong ties to Polish culture, her opposition to the independence of the Second Polish Republic and later criticism from Stalinists have made Róza Luksemburg a controversial historical figure in the modern Third Polish Republic's political discourse. During the Polish People's Republic, a manufacturing facility of electric lamps in the Wola district of Warsaw (Polish capital and the place where Luksemburg was raised and grew up), was established and...
Germany
In 1919, Bertolt Brecht wrote the poetic memorial Epitaph honouring Luxemburg and Kurt Weill set it to music in The Berlin Requiemin 1928: The famous Monument to Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, originally named Monument to the November Revolution (Revolutionsdenkmal) which was designed by pioneering modernist and later Bauhaus director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and built in 1926 in Berlin-Lichtenberg and destroyed in 1935. The memorial took the form of a suprematist composition of brick ma...
Russia
Opponents and critics of the far-left have often had a very different interpretation of Luxemburg's murder. Russian historian Edvard Radzinsky has gone on the record as a very harsh critic of the Soviet Government for spending so much money abroad to fund the efforts of those like Liebknecht and Luxemburg to covertly destabilise and overthrow the Weimar Republic and other Western Governments. In the Soviet Union during the same time, mass starvation was taking place, first due to Vladimir Len...
The Accumulation of Capital, translated by Agnes Schwarzschild in 1951. Routledge Classics 2003 edition. Originally published as Die Akkumulation des Kapitalsin 1913.The Accumulation of Capital: an Anticritique, written in 1915.Gesammelte Werke(Collected Works), 5 volumes, Berlin, 1970–1975.Gesammelte Briefe(Collected Letters), 6 volumes, Berlin, 1982–1997.In Spanish: Rosa Luxemburgo para niños 1. Proletarian internationalism 2. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 3. List of peace activists 4. Clara Zetkin 5. Nadezhda Krupskaya 6. Alexandra Kollontai
The International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Zurich, Switzerland from 9 August to 11 August 1897. The Congress was attended by 208 full members and 38 associate members. We give below a version of: History of the Congress. Welcoming Speech by Adolf Hurwitz.
Jul 24, 2012 · As well as giving an overview of the pre-history and the organization of the congress, I look at a wider historic context, conjecture on the reasons why it was held in Zurich and why such a great emphasis was placed on the social aspect.
- Stefanie Eminger
- 2012
Feb 29, 2024 · The University of Zurich is 205th in the world, 72nd in Europe, and 2nd in Switzerland by aggregated alumni prominence. Below is the list of 100 notable alumni from the University of Zurich sorted by their wiki pages popularity.
Jul 24, 2012 · As well as giving an overview of the pre-history and the organization of the congress, I look at a wider historic context, conjecture on the reasons why it was held in Zurich and why such a great emphasis was placed on the social aspect.
