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Improving how government works requires action on many fronts. We often focus on the need to ensure that our public servants have the skills, resources and ambition to excel. But there is also a pressing need to reflect on the way they think and act. Anyone who has worked in government for even a short time will
The use of science as evidence in policy making—irrespective of its disciplinary source—is a social phenomenon, and therefore a proper object of analysis for the social sciences. We present a research framework that can improve the scientific understanding of the use of science in public policy.
- Background
- Design
- Raw Materials
- The Manufacturing Process
- The Future
- Where to Learn More
Archaeologists believe hunters used bows and arrows as early as 50,000 years ago. Indigenous people used such weapons in every part of the world except Australia. In addition to hunting and warfare, bows and arrows were used for sport in ancient cultures of Egypt, China, and India. Originally, bows were made of any springy material, including bambo...
The most basic type of bow, called a long-bow, is formed from an essentially straight shaft. Additional power and stability are achieved by recurved bows, which have permanent curves that make the bow's back concave at each end. Even more power can be achieved with a compound bow, a mechanically assisted device that attaches the bowstring to a syst...
When made of a single piece of wood, a bow can warp from moisture or become brittle in cold weather. It can also permanently deform into the curved shape attained when the bow is strung (the bowstring is attached to both ends, bending the bow). When this happens, the bow's springiness is decreased and it loses power. Making bows from fiberglass sol...
The bow
The following paragraphs describe the construction of a recurved bow with permanently attached limbs. 1. 1 Various materials are cut into rectangles for the layers of the limbs. Wood layers are dyed the desired color. Glue is applied, and the layers are stacked in the proper sequence. 2. 2 The multi-layer limb section is mounted on a form that will determine its final curvature. While attached to the form, the limb is cured in an oven at 180° F (80° C) for six hours. 3. 3 The riser is made fr...
The bowstring
Although manufactured bowstrings are available, some archery enthusiasts prefer to make their own. 1. 8 The number of strands of thread needed is determined. This depends on the strength of the thread being used and the draw weight (strength) of the bow. The bundle of strands is divided into three equal sets, and each set is coated with beeswax (perhaps with added resin). The sets of strands are then formed into a cord by twisting and weaving them together. 2. 9 When enough cord has been form...
The arrow
The following steps describe how wooden arrows are made. 1. 11 A "two by four" (2 in [5 cm] thick and 4 in [10 cm] wide) of appropriate wood is selected, making sure the grain of the wood runs as close as possible to the length of the board. A section is cut that is about 3 in (7.5 cm) longer than the planned arrow length. Using a heavy knife or an axe, the board is split down one side to form an edge that truly runs along the grain of the wood. 2. 12 Following the split edge, square blanks a...
Building on the analytical approach begun in the 1930s, modern researchers are refining mathematical models that describe the performance of bows, in order to evaluate possible design changes. In addition to varying the size and shape of bow components, bowyers also experiment with new materials. For example, at least one manufacturer now offers li...
Books
Paterson, W. F. Encyclopaedia of Archery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. Williams, John C. with Glenn Helgel. Archery for Beginners.Chicago: Contemporary Books Inc., 1985.
Other
McNeur, Rob. Arrow Making FAQ.http://snt.student.utwente.nl/~sagi/artikel/faq/arr-w-make.shtml#question (December 7,1998). "Steps in Handcrafting Our Traditional Bows." Harrelson Traditional Archery Inc. http://www.mindspring.com/~bowyer/(October 25, 1998). —LorettaHall
May 4, 2022 · Table of contents. Step 1: Define the aim of your research. Step 2: Choose your data collection method. Step 3: Plan your data collection procedures. Step 4: Collect the data. Frequently asked questions about data collection.
- Data collection is the systematic process by which observations or measurements are gathered in research. It is used in many different contexts by...
- When conducting research, collecting original data has significant advantages: You can tailor data collection to your specific research aims (e.g.,...
- Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. Quantitative methods allow you t...
- Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something: Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the resu...
- In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .
- Operationalisation means turning abstract conceptual ideas into measurable observations. For example, the concept of social anxiety isn’t directly...
Define political science. Describe the scientific study of politics. The systematic study of the process of who gets what, when, and how— political science —investigates the reasons behind the decisions governments make. For example, political scientists investigate the degree of control governments choose to exercise over various forms of ...
Jul 24, 2020 · Major projects in government are large-scale development initiatives that aim to modernise and strengthen the UK’s infrastructure: for example, the high speed rail programme (HS2) at the Department for Transport, the biometrics programme at the Home Office, and the Ministry of Defence’s Queen Elizabeth programme to deliver two new aircraft ...
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May 6, 2020 · Here are several examples of independent and dependent variables in experiments: In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the independent variable is the length of time spent sleeping while the dependent variable is the test score.
