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Jan 18, 2016 · Statistician’s Approach to Coincidences: What Are the Odds? Clarifying the probability of coincidences helps to better understand them. Posted January 18, 2016. Source: A pseudorandomly generated...
- Who Is It for?
- What Will I Learn and How?
- Contents
- Introduction
- Odds Ratio
- Confidence Interval
- P Values
- Bringing It All Together – Real World Example
- Summary
- Self Test Answers
Students of medicine or from the clinical sciences and professions allied to medicine wanting to enhance their understanding of medical literature they will encounter throughout their careers.
How to interpret odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values with a stepwise progressive approach and a’concept check’ question as each new element is introduced.
Introduction Odds ratio Confidence interval P value Bringing it all together – Real world example Summary Self test Answers
The first steps in learning to understand and appreciate evidence-based medicine are daunting to say the least, especially when confronted with the myriad of statistics in any paper. This short tutorial aims to introduce healthcare students to the interpretation of some of the most commonly used statistics for reporting the results of medical resea...
An odds ratio is a relative measure of effect, which allows the comparison of the intervention group of a study relative to the comparison or placebo group. So when researchers calculate an odds ratio they do it like this: The numerator is the odds in the intervention arm The denominator is the odds in the control or placebo arm = Odds Ratio (OR) S...
The confidence interval indicates the level of uncertainty around the measure of effect (precision of the effect estimate) which in this case is expressed as an OR. Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true populati...
P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between groups. P>0.05 indicates there is not a statistically significant difference between groups.
A drug company-funded double blind randomised controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an adenosine receptor antagonist Cangrelor vs Clopidogrel in patients undergoing urgent or elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) who were followed up for specific complications for 48 hrs as outlined in the diagram below (Bhatt et al. 2009). The res...
This is a very basic introduction to interpreting odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values only and should help healthcare students begin to make sense of published research, which can initially be a daunting prospect. However it should be stressed that any results are only valid if the study was well designed and conducted, which highlights ...
Concept check 1. The correct answer is A. Concept check 2. The correct answer is B. Concept check 3. The correct answer is A. Bringing it all together – Real world example. The correct answer is C.
May 27, 2000 · The odds are a way of representing probability, especially familiar for betting. For example, the odds that a single throw of a die will produce a six are 1 to 5, or 1/5. The odds is the ratio of the probability that the event of interest occurs to the probability that it does not.
- J M Bland, D G Altman
- 2000
Oct 20, 2020 · An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome (i.e., disease) and is commonly derived from data collected in a case-control study design. When the outcome is rare, the OR is a good estimate of the relative risk of the outcome.
- Elizabeth.Maloney@fda.hhs.gov
The odds of an event is the ratio of the probability of an event occurring to the probability of the event not occurring (π 1 − π), and the OR describes the change in odds for a change in a predictor; it is a ratio of ratios.
- Max A. Halvorson, Connor J. McCabe, Dale S. Kim, Xiaolin Cao, Kevin M. King
- 10.1037/adb0000669
- 2021
- 2022/05
Feb 1, 2017 · This article describes correct interpretations of ORs, explains how ORs are different from risk ratios (RRs), and notes potential supplements and alternatives to the presentation of ORs that may help readers avoid confusion about the strength of associations.
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3 days ago · In social science and medical research, the odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used to determine the association between exposure and an outcome. It calculates the odds that an event will occur in one group compared to another. Researchers often use the odds ratio to examine the effects of certain risk factors, interventions, or behaviors ...
