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relative risk, odds, odds ratio, and others. The concept and method of calculation are explained for each of these in simple terms and with the help of examples. The interpretation of each is presented in plain English rather than in technical language. Clinically useful notes are provided, wherever necessary. J Clin Psychiatry 2015;76(7):e857 ...
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- Who Is It for?
- What Will I Learn and How?
- Contents
- Introduction
- Odds Ratio
- Confidence Interval
- P Values
- Bringing It All Together – Real World Example
- Summary
- Self Test Answers
Students of medicine or from the clinical sciences and professions allied to medicine wanting to enhance their understanding of medical literature they will encounter throughout their careers.
How to interpret odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values with a stepwise progressive approach and a’concept check’ question as each new element is introduced.
Introduction Odds ratio Confidence interval P value Bringing it all together – Real world example Summary Self test Answers
The first steps in learning to understand and appreciate evidence-based medicine are daunting to say the least, especially when confronted with the myriad of statistics in any paper. This short tutorial aims to introduce healthcare students to the interpretation of some of the most commonly used statistics for reporting the results of medical resea...
An odds ratio is a relative measure of effect, which allows the comparison of the intervention group of a study relative to the comparison or placebo group. So when researchers calculate an odds ratio they do it like this: The numerator is the odds in the intervention arm The denominator is the odds in the control or placebo arm = Odds Ratio (OR) S...
The confidence interval indicates the level of uncertainty around the measure of effect (precision of the effect estimate) which in this case is expressed as an OR. Confidence intervals are used because a study recruits only a small sample of the overall population so by having an upper and lower confidence limit we can infer that the true populati...
P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between groups. P>0.05 indicates there is not a statistically significant difference between groups.
A drug company-funded double blind randomised controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an adenosine receptor antagonist Cangrelor vs Clopidogrel in patients undergoing urgent or elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) who were followed up for specific complications for 48 hrs as outlined in the diagram below (Bhatt et al. 2009). The res...
This is a very basic introduction to interpreting odds ratios, confidence intervals and p values only and should help healthcare students begin to make sense of published research, which can initially be a daunting prospect. However it should be stressed that any results are only valid if the study was well designed and conducted, which highlights ...
Concept check 1. The correct answer is A. Concept check 2. The correct answer is B. Concept check 3. The correct answer is A. Bringing it all together – Real world example. The correct answer is C.
The odds ratio is a versatile and robust statistic. For example, it can calculate the odds of an event happening given a particular treatment intervention (1). It can calculate the odds of a health outcome given exposure versus non-exposure to a substance or event (2).
- Mary L. McHugh
- 2009
Jan 1, 2016 · The odds ratio is a measurement of association that compares the odds of an event of those exposed to the odds of an event in those unexposed. It serves to determine the relation between...
We can use odds to compare different probabilities, by computing what is called an odds ratio – which is exactly what it sounds like. For example, let’s say that we want to know how much the positive test increases the individual’s odds of having cancer.
An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that expo-sure.
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Odds Ratios—Current Best Practice and Use. EdwardC.Norton,PhD;BryanE.Dowd,PhD;MatthewL.Maciejewski,PhD. Odds ratios frequently are used to present strength of association dard test is whether the parameter (log odds) equals 0, which cor-between risk factors and outcomes in the clinical literature. Odds responds to a test of whether the odds ...
