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Nov 3, 2020 · An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.
- Characteristics of Variable-Ratio Schedules
- How to Identify A Variable-Ratio Schedule
- Variable-Ratio Schedule Examples
There are three common characteristics of a variable-ratio schedule. They are: 1. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses: There is no predictability as to when a reward will be received. It might be after the first response or the fifth, or another number entirely. 2. Leads to a high, steady response rate: When the subject ...
When identifying different schedules of reinforcement, it can be helpful to start by looking at the name of the individual schedule itself. In the case of variable-ratio schedules, the term "variable" indicates that reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses."Ratio" suggests that the reinforcement is given after a set num...
What does variable-ratio reinforcement look like in a real-world setting? Here are a few examples to consider. 1. Classroom learning: A variable-ratio schedule can be used in the classroom to help students learn. Because students won't know exactly when they will be rewarded for doing their homework, for instance, they may be more inclined to turn ...
We can use odds to compare different probabilities, by computing what is called an odds ratio – which is exactly what it sounds like. For example, let’s say that we want to know how much the positive test increases the individual’s odds of having cancer.
- Weather Forecasting. Perhaps the most common real life example of using probability is weather forecasting. Probability is used by weather forecasters to assess how likely it is that there will be rain, snow, clouds, etc.
- Sports Betting. Probability is heavily used by sports betting companies to determine the odds they should set for certain teams to win certain games.
- Politics. Political forecasters use probability to predict the chances that certain candidates will win various elections. For example, a forecaster might say that candidate A has a 60% chance of winning, candidate B has a 20% chance of winning, candidate C has a 10% chance of winning, etc.
- Sales Forecasting. Many retail companies use probability to predict the chances that they’ll sell a certain amount of goods in a given day, week, or month.
Odds ratios OR are often reported alongside a confidence interval (CI). A beginner's guide to interpreting odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values written by Tim Hicks. Idiot's guide to Odds Ratios with some simple examples and links to Risk Ratios by Clay Smith.
When people are subjected to reinforcements (pleasure) and punishments (pain), they undergo operant conditioning. This article will describe operant conditioning, how it works, and how different schedules of reinforcement can increase the rate at which subjects perform a certain behavior. Table Of Contents show.
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The odds ratio is used when one of two possible events or outcomes are measured, and there is a supposed causative factor. The odds ratio is a versatile and robust statistic. For example, it can calculate the odds of an event happening given a particular treatment intervention (1).
