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  1. An odds ratio is an example of what we will later call an effect size, which is a way of quantifying how relatively large any particular statistical effect is. A final point relates to how probabilities have been interpreted.

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  2. Computing Odds. If you roll a fair 6-sided die, what are the odds for rolling a 5 or higher? If you roll two fair 6-sided dice, what are the odds against rolling a sum of 7? If you draw a card at random from a standard deck, what are the odds for drawing a ♡ ♡?

  3. Computing Odds. The ratio of the number of equally likely outcomes in an event E E to the number of equally likely outcomes not in the event E ′ E ′ is called the odds for (or odds in favor of) the event.

  4. Probability refers to the likelihood of an event occurring. It can be expressed as a number (0.5) or a percentage (50%). Statistical tests allow psychologists to work out the probability that their results could have occurred by chance, and in general psychologists use a probability level of 0.05.

  5. Events that are highly likely will have a probability close to 100% and odds that have a larger first number. For example, "2 to 1" odds corresponds to a probability of 2/3, or about 67%. Summary. Theoretical probability is the ratio of the desired outcomes to the total possible outcomes.

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  7. The percentage of times you anticipate seeing a certain occurrence across many trials is the chance that it will happen. Probabilities are always in the 0 to 1 range. Odds are calculated by dividing the probability that an event will occur by the probability that it will not occur.