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Sep 19, 2023 · Neuroimaging, or brain scanning, produces images of the brain or other parts of the nervous system. Current neuroimaging techniques typically show the brain’s structure and functions. Neuroimaging is important within psychology to allow in-depth study of what certain areas of the brain are responsible for, as well as being able to identify ...
Feb 20, 2024 · The three main parts of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. 1. Cerebrum. Location: The cerebellum occupies the upper part of the cranial cavity and is the largest part of the human brain. Functions: It’s responsible for higher brain functions, including thought, action, emotion, and interpretation of sensory data.
Jul 5, 2020 · Walter E. Dandy (1886-1946) (Figure 2) was the first one who performed ventriculography and PEG in 1918 and 1919, respectively.These techniques visualized cerebral cortex and ventricles using air as a contrast agent. 9 Dandy’s idea of using air as a contrast agent was based on a report by Luckett that air in the skull due to a skull fracture outlined the cerebral cortex.
- Haris Kamal, Edward J. Fine, Banafsheh Shakibajahromi, Ashkan Mowla
- 10.18502/cjn.v19i3.5426
- 2021
- Curr J Neurol. 2020 Jul 5; 19(3): 131-137.
- Computed Tomography
- Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Diffuse Optical Imaging
- Event-Related Optical Signal
- Magnetoencephalography
- Cranial Ultrasound
- Functional Ultrasound Imaging
CT refers to a noninvasive, diagnostic imaging procedure that uses special X-ray measurements to produce horizontal, or axial, images of the brain as well as other parts of the body.23During a brain CT, the X-ray beam moves around the body in a circle to capture various 2D images of an individual’s brain from multiple angles (Figure 1). The X-ray i...
In SPECT imaging, a gamma-emitting radiotracer (such as technetium-99m, iodine-123 or iodine-131) is artificially introduced into a biologically relevant molecule (typically a ligand, peptide or antibody) and administered intravenously into an animal or patient.24Following injection into the bloodstream, the bio-distribution and uptake of the radio...
PET is an extremely powerful nuclear medicine imaging modality that uses radiotracers to visualize and quantify changes in metabolic processes.27In PET, biochemically active molecules are labeled with short-lived positron-emitting radiotracers and injected into patients. As positrons encounter electrons within the tissues, they are annihilated resu...
MRI refers to a noninvasive, radiation-free and safe imaging modality that relies on the magnetization property of atomic nuclei.16Water molecules form a major portion of all living bodies, each having two hydrogen nuclei or protons. When a patient is sent inside the powerful magnet of an MRI scanner, these protons start to align themselves with th...
In recent years, fMRI has become the cornerstone of neuroimaging research. This technique, primarily based on the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast, is sensitive to the localized hemodynamic changes associated with increased neuronal activity (Figure 6).18, 34fMRI is extensively used for the noninvasive mapping of brain activity evo...
Diffuse optical imaging(DOI) and diffuse optical tomography(DOT) are noninvasive techniques that can produce the spectral image of an object located several centimeters underneath the biological tissue by utilizing light in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region.35,36To enable visualization using DOI or DOT, the object must be translucent or at le...
Event-related optical signal (EROS) is an emerging, relatively inexpensive and noninvasive neuroimaging technique that uses infrared light through optical fibersto determine changes in optical properties of active areas in the cerebral cortex.38While DOI or NIRS measure optical absorption of hemoglobin, and are thus dependent on CBF, EROS takes adv...
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive, radiation-free and safe imaging modality that detects, records and analyzes the magnetic fields generated by electric currents in the brain resulting from synchronous neuronal activation (Figure 8).39The magnetic field measurements range from femto- to pico-tesla. The information obtained from MEG asse...
This neuroimaging modality employs high-frequency sound waves to acquire images of the brain and its inner fluid chambers (ventricles). It is primarily used in babies because their fontanelle i.e., the soft spot on their skull, offers an "acoustic window". This test is used to diagnose and follow-up problems of premature and sick neonates (Figure 9...
fUS is an ultrasound-based noninvasive imaging modality that detects changes in neural activities or metabolism by measuring blood flow or hemodynamic changes.42The method can be considered an extension of Doppler imaging, an ultrasound (US)-based imaging technique that bounces high frequency sound waves off circulating red blood cells to estimate ...
Contrary to the notion that endothelial cell numbers are negligible (Bass et al., 1971; Herculano-Houzel, 2011), it is now thought that endothelial cells in the whole human brain make up about 25% of all non-neuronal cells, with the rest (75%) of non-neuronal cells being glial cells, thus generating a ratio of about 5:3:1 for neurons, glia and endothelial cells in the human brain (Bahney and ...
Apr 22, 2011 · The images are then developed on sensitive film. This method creates cross-sectional images of the brain and shows the structure of the brain, but not its function. It is the test of choice to evaluate for the four types of intracranial hemorrhage—subdural, epidural, intracerebral, or subarachnoid, which specifically means bleeding or ...
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Mar 17, 2021 · Introduction. Back in the 1970s, the x-ray tomography technique (also known as “computerized axial tomography,” “transaxial tomography,” and “reconstruction from sections”) was first described as a method used in medical radiography for obtaining a slice through the body of the x-ray absorption with a resolution ranging from 1 to about 2 mm (Hounsfield, 1973; Swindell and Barrett ...
