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Feb 10, 2024 · "The Girls on the Bridge" by Edvard Munch is a captivating masterpiece that has enthralled art enthusiasts and critics alike for over a century. Painted in 1902, this iconic work portrays four young girls standing on a bridge against a hauntingly evocative backdrop.
- Pietro CROCE, Luca SANPAOLESI
- 2.1 Static load model philosophy
- 2.4 Extrapolation methods
- 6.1 Fatigue load modeling
- 6.3 Partial safety factors γM
- 7.5 Application of the load models
- Ton Vrouwenvelder
- 2. BASIS OF APPLICATIONS
- Stefano Colombini
- Stefano Colombini
- 3.1 Behaviour of the structure
- 3.3 Calculation methods for the orthotropic deck
- Summary
- 1 INTRODUCTION
- 4 COMBINATION OF ACTIONS
- 2.2 Load History
- 2.3.2 Moments of Inertia
- 4.2 Bending Moments in the Construction Stage (Continuous Beam)
- 4.2.1 Moments due to permanent loads during erection
- 5.1.4 Verification of the Transversal Girder and of the Stiffener
- Peter Tanner and Rüdiger Spengler
- 1.3 Organisation of the contribution
- 2.3 Construction
- 3.3 Construction
- Summary
- 1.1 Introduction
Department of Structural Engineering, University of Pisa
As a rule, the evaluation of target values of real traffic induced effects and subsequent drafting and calibration of the load model can be carried out by analytical and numerical methodologies using in order of succession the following steps: − identification of the most significant real traffic measurements; − choice of the static schemes and s...
As mentioned above, the choice of the main load model and its calibration needs the taking account of the preliminary knowledge of the relevant values of the effects, i.e. characteristic, infrequent, frequent, quasi-permanent values, that the real traffic induces in the bridges, that must be reproduced by the load model itself. Even considering d...
As known, fatigue is the progressive, localised and permanent structural change occurring in a material subjected to conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and strains at some point or points and that may culminate in cracks or complete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. In engineering structures fatigue is induced by actions...
The partial safety factors γf, regarding the action aspect, and γm, regarding the fatigue resistance aspect, cover uncertainties in the evaluation of loads and stresses as well as fatigue strength scattering. According to the experience from steel structures, these partial safety factors affecting stress ranges are generally combined in an unique...
The traffic models described above with the exception of the service vehicle model, may also be used for pedestrian and cycle traffic on the areas of the deck of road bridges limited by parapets and not included in the carriageway, or on the footpaths of railway bridges. These actions are free, so that the models of vertical loads should be applied...
Delft University of Technology/TNO Bouw, The Netherlands
II - 1 Chapter 2: Accidental actions on bridges In order to reduce the risk involved in accidental type of load one might, as basic strategies, consider probability reducing as well as consequence reducing measures, including contingency plans in the event of an accident. Risk reducing measures should be given high priority in design for accidental...
Department of Structural Engineering, University of Pisa
Department of Structural Engineering, University of Pisa
The structural behaviour of the steel decks employing an orthotropic plate can be best described by distinguishing three separate resistant functions for the structure, each of which having a unique corresponding systems of stresses and deformations. The deck plate, first of all, has the function of transferring the loads impinging directly upon it...
Analysing the stresses on the orthotropic deck, considered to be a two-dimensional resistant element that transfers the loads to the walls of the box girder, is not a simple task. A first possible procedure consists of implementing a finite-element model, made up essentially of “shell” elements, which reproduce a significant portion of the deck so...
The example includes the determination of loads and load combinations on the steel footbridge, according to the European constructional standards “Eurocodes”. The bridge is a steel suspension bridge used for pedestrian and cycle traffic. The relevant loads acting on the structure are determined from the appropriate parts of European standards and l...
An example of the steel footbridge used for pedestrian and cycle traffic is presented in this chapter. The emphasis of this example is on the determination of the relevant loads and load combinations according to European standards “Eurocodes”. The verification presented here is not complete and is meant to be an indication on how to proceed with t...
The individual permanent, variable and accidental loads are used in a number of combinations in order to verify that the ultimate limit states and ultimate serviceability limit states are fulfilled. The separate actions with their symbols and types are summarized in the table 4.
The load which is carried by the structural steel and the load which is carried by the composite section has to be known in order to determine the deflection of the structure which is a decisive parameter for the verification in the Serviceability Limit State. Supporting the steel beam before pouring the concrete and detaching these supports after ...
The moments of inertia are needed for the calculation of the deflections as a criterion for the verification in the Serviceability Limit State. For the calculation the time-dependency of the sectional properties because of creeping have to be taken into account. This leads to a distinction between the corresponding values for moments of inertia:
During construction the static system corresponds to a continuous beam due to the temporary columns. In this stage the self weight of the steel girders and of the concrete slab is relevant. Please note that for the verification of the structure in the construction stage also additional loads due to construction equipment and vertical wind loads are...
With the characteristic loads for one half of the beam the following moment distribution is obtained:
The verification has to be carried out for the M-N-interaction about the strong axis as well as for buckling about the weak axis. strong axis: N Ed χ ⋅ N y pl , Rd + k
Institute of Construction Sciences IETcc – CSIC, Madrid, Spain
The contribution starts with an introduction to describe the aims and the scope of the case study. The introduction is followed by two sections which present the boundary conditions and the conceptual design of the bridge. The success of the translation of the numerous constraints into a reliable, functional, economic and aesthetically attractive s...
No traffic interruption is possible on the highway to be crossed by the new bridge. Temporary supports are therefore not allowed during the construction of the bridge. Extensive use of prefabrication techniques should be made and the adopted solution should also allow to increase the ease and speed of assembly and erection in order to minimize inte...
The construction of the bridge includes the following stages: Erection of the steel structure. According to the aforementioned boundary conditions no temporary supports can be used (Section 2.3). Casting of the bottom flange concrete over the internal supports. Placing of the precast slabs. Casting of the top flange in situ concrete by using the ...
Material properties are relevant to the structural design process because of their effect on the strength, serviceability and durability of structures. In a previous handbook [1] a number of models for materials and their respective properties were addressed in the chapter devoted to properties of the structural materials for building sructures. Th...
The concrete used in bridges do not defer sensibly of the concrete used in buildings structures, therefore so occur with its properties. Differences between these two types of structures, from the point of view of the concrete use, may be summarized in two main aspects: in the bridges the structure is always in the “open air” and therefore submitte...
Derek Mahon's poem "Girls on the Bridge" is from the collection The Hunt by Night (1982). This volume contains three ekphrastic poems grouped together, with titles similar to the paintings they invoke. "Courtyards of Delft" derives from a seventeenth century Dutch genre painting by De Hooch, and "The Hunt by Night", a painting by Uccello (1465).
Three girls stand on a bridge with their backs to the viewer. They are leaning against a railing, looking down into the water. The figures, landscape and building in the background are painted in a simplified manner, giving the painting a decorative effect.
The Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863-1944) painted The Girls on the Bridge from a pier in the harbor of Åsgårdstrand, probably in the year 1901. In this painting, a few simple shapes—blocky houses, a spherical tree, and a white fence—anchor the image of three girls in long dresses who look out over the water.
- Thomas B. Cole
- 2015
Mar 28, 2024 · Introduction. For art historians the thoughts of the artist are the point of departure, the crucial focus for their studies, as Erwin Panofsky, the founder of art history, stressed in saying:
People also ask
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"On the Bridge" and Other Stories study guide contains a biography of Todd Strasser, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes.
