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2. The zeroth law of Thermodynamics 2.1 Thermodynamical systems Before we embark on deriving the laws of thermodynamics, it is necessary to define the main vocabulary we will be using throughout these lectures. Definition 2.1.1 — ‘Thermodynamical system’ (or ‘system’). Whatever “macroscopic” part of the Universe we select for study.
1.9 The combined first and second law. Exercise 1 1.11 Characteristic state functions. Exercises 1 and 2 1.12 Entropy. Exercise 1 1.1 External state variables Exercise 1.1.1 A system consists of two subsystems with the values U 1, V 1, P 1 and U 2, V 2, P 2, where U is the internal energy. U and V are both extensive quantities. The law of ...
Duffy_EP_2013_ch15. Steam engines, similar to the one shown here powering a tractor, were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. A steam engine is a heat engine. In a heat engine, energy is extracted at a relatively high temperature, and some of that energy is used to do useful work.
2. The zeroth law of Thermodynamics 2.1 Thermodynamical systems Before we embark on deriving the laws of thermodynamics, it is necessary to define the main vocabulary we will be using throughout these lectures. Definition 2.1.1 — ‘Thermodynamical system’ (or ‘system’). Whatever “macroscopic” part of the Universe we select for study.
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Answer is (C). 7. Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 40 m/s and an enthalpy of 3433.8 kJ/kg. At the outlet, 2 meters lower than the inlet, the velocity is 162 m/s, and the enthalpy is 2675.5 kJ/kg. A heat loss of 1 kJ/kg is experienced from the turbine casing. The work output per unit mass is closest to. 650 kJ/kg.
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1st law: In an arbitrary TD transformation, let Q = net amount of heat absorbed by the system, and W = net amount of work done on the system. The 1st law states ∆E = Q +W (1) is the same for all transformations leading form a given initial state to a final state (Joule’s law), where E is the total energy (or internal energy, or just
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Heat flowing out of the system causes an increase in the disorder of the surroundings, so the entropy of the universe increases. 6. The Second Law applies only to isolated systems – if the liquid was isolated from its surroundings, it would never freeze. 7. The entropy of the system doesn’t actually decrease.
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