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This is a device that uses work to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature one. ⌅ Example 5.2 In a household refrigerator, work is done by an electrical compressor which transfers heat from the food storage compartment (cold reservoir) to the kitchen (hot reservoir). ⌅.
- Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics
- First Law of Thermodynamics
- Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Perpetual Motion Machines Are Impossible
- References
The zeroeth law of thermodynamicsestablishes the concept of temperature: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. Example:If your car is the same temperature as your house and your car is the same temperature as your office, then your home and your office are the same temper...
The first law of thermodynamics is also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy. It states energy of a system may change forms, but it is neither created nor destroyed. One way to state this law is “you can’t get something for nothing”. Another way of stating the first law is that internal energy (∆E) of a system is the sum of the heat flow acro...
The second law of thermodynamics states the entropy of a system not in thermal equilibrium increases. Entropyis a measure of the randomness or disorder of a thermodynamic system. As entropy increases, less energy is available for useful work. If the first law states you can’t get something for nothing, you could consider the second law to mean “… a...
The third law states the entropy of a system approaches as constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Absolute zerois the lowest theoretically possible temperature (0K or zero Kelvin). The entropy of a system at absolute zero is nearlyzero, but not necessarily exactly zero. Entropy depends on how many ground states a system has. Pu...
One implication of the laws of thermodynamics is that perpetual motion machines are not possible. While energy may change from one form into another, entropy increases, and a bit of usable energy is lost. Machines are powered by energy sources that eventually are depleted. The closest people can get to perpetual motion is to use an initial power su...
Atkins, Peter (2007). Four Laws That Drive the Universe. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0199232369.Guggenheim, E.A. (1985). Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists(7th ed.). North Holland, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-86951-4.Kittel, C.; Kroemer, H. (1980). Thermal Physics(2nd ed.). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1088-9.Wendt, Richard P. (1974). “Simplified transport theory for electrolyte solutions”. Journal of Chemical Education. American Chemical Society (ACS). 51 (10): 646. doi:10.1021/ed051p646First law of thermodynamics. When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. This means that perpetual motion machines (of the first kind) are impossible. ΔU system = Q - W. where . Q = heat. W = work done on the system
We have summarized the laws discussed in this chapter in Table 44–1. In the next chapter we shall apply these laws to discover the relationship between the heat generated in the expansion of a rubber band, and the extra tension when it is heated. Table 44–1 Summary of the laws of thermodynamics. First law:
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer into the system minus the net work done by the system. In equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is \[\Delta U=Q-W. \nonumber \] Here \(\Delta U\) is the change in internal energy \(U\) of the system.
where P is the pressure of a gas, V is the volume it occupies, N is the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the gas, and T is its absolute temperature.The constant k is called the Boltzmann constant and has the value k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K, k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K, For the purposes of this chapter, we will not go into calculations using the ideal gas law.
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5. The second law of Thermodynamics The concept of engine efficiency naturally leads to the second law of thermodynamics. The first law was a generalisation of the principle of energy conservation. It told us which processes were energetically possible, but not every process which is energetically possible does actually occur in nature.
