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1) Consider the two paths, ia, and af connecting points i and f on the pV diagram. Compare the work done by the system in going from i to a. (W. ia ) to that done by the system in going from a to f (W af): A) W ia > W af B) W ia = W af. p. a. V. f W iafis the area of the triangle i Wiaand W af cancel here.
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where P is the pressure of a gas, V is the volume it occupies, N is the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in the gas, and T is its absolute temperature.The constant k is called the Boltzmann constant and has the value k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K, k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K, For the purposes of this chapter, we will not go into calculations using the ideal gas law.
into doing work. This statement of energy conservation is the first law of thermodynamics, which is defined more formally below. Related End-of-Chapter Exercises: 1 and 13. The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation as it relates to a thermodynamic system. Heat, which is energy transferred into or out of a system, can be
14 Chapter 2. The zeroth law of Thermodynamics that only 2 of the 3 thermodynamical variables are independent. The third one can be determined by using the equation of state which is a single equation involving all 3 variables, and thus constrains their values. ⌅ Example 2.1 The ideal gas equation of state pV =nRT or Nk B T where n is
6. Equation of state relates the TD variables for a state in equilibrium, e.g., f(P,V,T) = 0 for a gas. Equation of state can not be deter-mined by thermodynamics. It can only be obtained by either many observations (experiments) or from microscopic analysis, i.e. statisti-cal mechanics. 3
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The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, specialized for thermodynamical systems. In equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is ΔU = Q − W. Heat engines are a good example of the application of the 1st law; heat transfer into them takes place so that they can do work.
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Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics is an expression of the conservation of energy principle. Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in the form of heat or work. Energy transfer across a system boundary due solely to the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings is called heat.
