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Oct 19, 2023 · Daston dubs the Carte du Ciel the “diplomatic model” of rivalrous cooperation. It began in Paris in 1887, gathering observers from 16 countries to map the stars. Annual meetings brought together scientists from 18 observatories to coordinate measurements and share mapping tasks. The international project persevered, and grew, for 83 years ...
Apr 20, 2017 · The definition cartography represented as a flow chart with the keywords art, science, and technology as the cartographer's tools and making and using as the process of engagement with a cartographic product. Display full size. 3.1. Art. Maps are loved by almost everyone.
- Menno-Jan Kraak, Sara Irina Fabrikant
- 2017
Jan 1, 2012 · The map of science is used to reflect the cognitive structure of a scientific field, to monitor its evolution and the main actors within. This section explains some of the main approaches available to construct a science map, whether it be a local science map (focused on a particular scientific area) or a global science map. 2.1 Precedents
- Gaizka Garechana, Rosa Rio, Ernesto Cilleruelo, Javier Gavilanes
- 2012
- Overview
- History of cartography
map, graphic representation, drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features—for example, geographical, geological, or geopolitical—of an area of the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. Cartography is the art and science of making maps and charts.
In order to imply the elements of accurate relationships, and some formal method of projecting the spherical subject to a map plane, further qualifications might be applied to the definition. The tedious and somewhat abstract statements resulting from attempts to formulate precise definitions of maps and charts are more likely to confuse than to clarify. The words map, chart, and plat are used somewhat interchangeably. The connotations of use, however, are distinctive: charts for navigation purposes (nautical and aeronautical), plats (in a property-boundary sense) for land-line references and ownership, and maps for general reference.
Cartography is allied with geography in its concern with the broader aspects of the Earth and its life. In early times cartographic efforts were more artistic than scientific and factual. As man explored and recorded his environment, the quality of his maps and charts improved. These lines of Jonathan Swift were inspired by early maps:
So geographers, in Afric maps,
With savage pictures fill their gaps,
And o’er unhabitable downs
Centuries before the Christian Era, Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets, of which the oldest specimens found so far have been dated about 2300 bce. This is the earliest positive evidence of graphic representations of parts of the Earth; it may be assumed that mapmaking goes back much further and that it began among nonliterate peoples. It is logical to assume that men very early made efforts to communicate with each other regarding their environment by scratching routes, locations, and hazards on the ground and later on bark and skins.
The earliest maps must have been based on personal experience and familiarity with local features. They doubtless showed routes to neighbouring tribes, where water and other necessities might be found, and the locations of enemies and other dangers. Nomadic life stimulated such efforts by recording ways to cross deserts and mountains, the relative locations of summer and winter pastures, and dependable springs, wells, and other information.
Markings on cave walls that are associated with paintings by primitive man have been identified by some archaeologists as attempts to show the game trails of the animals depicted, though there is no general agreement on this. Similarly, networks of lines scratched on certain bone tablets could possibly represent hunting trails, but there is definitely no conclusive evidence that the tablets are indeed maps.
Many nonliterate peoples, however, are skilled in depicting essential features of their localities and travels. During Capt. Charles Wilkes’s exploration of the South Seas in the 1840s, a friendly islander drew a good sketch of the whole Tuamotu Archipelago on the deck of the captain’s bridge. In North America the Pawnee Indians were reputed to have used star charts painted on elk skin to guide them on night marches across the plains. Montezuma is said to have given Cortés a map of the whole Mexican Gulf area painted on cloth, while Pedro de Gamboa reported that the Incas used sketch maps and cut some in stone to show relief features. Many specimens of early Eskimo sketch maps on skin, wood, and bone have been found.
May 21, 2023 · Maps are among the most compelling forms of information for several reasons. Maps are artistic. Maps are scientific. Maps preserve history. Maps clarify. Maps reveal the invisible. Maps inform the future. Regardless of the reason, maps capture people’s imaginations around the world.
Stalis is 30 kilometres east of Heraklion, 3 kilometres after Hersonissos and 3 kilometres before Malia. The intensive tourist development of the area has resulted in the three towns (Hersonissos, Stalis and Malia) merging into a single coastal resort about 10 km long, full of hotels and apartments. Especially if you take the coastal road from ...
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Definition. Maps are visual representations of geographic areas, detailing the relationships between various elements, such as terrain, locations, and political boundaries. They serve as essential tools for navigation and understanding the spatial organization of knowledge, particularly in scientific contexts where accurate representation is ...
