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These breakthroughs revolutionized genetic analysis, brought us closer to understanding the complexity of alleles within the human genome and paved the way for the remarkable advancements we see in DNA testing today, including comprehensive DNA profiling and precise DNA tests.
1920s – Phoebus Levene discovers nucleotides – the combination of a sugar, base and phosphate group – and suggests they form short lengths of DNA called ‘tetranucleotides’. 1937 – Florence Bell arrives in William Astbury’s lab and takes the first X-ray images of DNA.
Discover the historical timeline of DNA, starting with Charles Darwin in the 1800s through to the current developments and future of DNA.
- Gregor Mendel: The 'Father of Genetics’
- Friedrich Miescher and Richard Altmann
- Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton
- Frederick Griffith
- Phoebus Levene
- Oswald Avery
- Colette and Roger Vendrely and André Boivin
- Erwin Chargaff and Chargaff’s Rule
- Rosalind Franklin
- Watson and Crick
Gregor Mendel was a monk who performed a meticulous series of experiments with pea plants in 1857. Mendel selected specific characteristics of pea plants to study. For each characteristic (or phenotype), he obtained lines of plants that were pure, producing offspring with characteristics identical to the parent. Mendel then used these pure-breeding...
Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher discovered a substance he called ‘nuclein’ in 1869. To do so, he devised a protocol to isolate DNA. Later, he isolated a comparatively purer sample of this same material from the sperm of salmon. This formed the basis for his paper in 1871. In 1889, his pupil, Richard Altmann renamed nuclein to ‘nucleic acid’. Thi...
In 1902, Theodor Boveri and Walter Sutton independently postulated that chromosomes were not only the carriers of hereditary units but were organized so that different locations of the chromosomes corresponded to specific hereditary traits. Boveri did this by examining chromosomal behavior during cell division and gamete formation, and later, Sutto...
Frederick Griffith was a scientist was working on a project in 1928 that formed the basis that DNA was the molecule of inheritance. Griffith's experiment involved mice and two types of pneumonia – one was virulent and characterizable by a rough appearance, and the other non-virulent, and visually distinguishable by a smooth coat. Injection of virul...
In 1929 Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute identified the components that make up a DNA Molecule. Those components are: 1. The four bases 1.1. Adenine (A) 1.2. Cytosine (C) 1.3. Guanine (G) 1.4. Thymine (T) 2. Sugar 3. Phosphate He showed that the components of DNA were linked in the order phosphate-sugar-base. Crucially, he distinguished ...
Oswald Avery continued with Griffith’s experiment, and accumulated evidence to suggest that the integrity of the capsule was essential for virulence. He employed a novel method of transforming non-virulent bacteria into encapsulated virulent bacteria, performing the transformation in culture, rather than in mice. Avery and his colleagues used a pro...
In 1949 André Boivin and his students Colette and Roger Vendrely found that the nuclei of germ cells contained only half the amount of DNA than that of somatic cells. This demonstrated that the genetic content was consistent through all cells in the body, and within a member of the same species. The basis of this constancy came from the process of ...
In the 1940s Erwin Chargaff found that the base composition (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) differed between species and that ratios between them were invariable; the quantity of adenine was equal to that of thymine. The same ratio of 1:1 was seen for cytosine and guanine. This discovery later became known as Chargaff’s Rule.
In 1952, British researcher Rosalind Franklin crystallized a molecule of DNA. From the X-ray diffraction images Franklin obtained, she demonstrated that DNA contained a regularly repeating helical structure. The images allowed precise calculations of the molecular spacing in DNA
Building on Franklin’s work two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick, made a model of the DNA structure approximately 2 years later. Their model was that of a double helix that consisted of evenly spaced pairs of bases connecting the two strands. It was possible to predict the measurements between bases and the number of bases per turn; furth...
The discovery of DNA is usually attributed to Watson and Crick, but the story isn't so simple. Robert Matthews. Francis Crick and James Watson are most often associated with the famous genetic molecule, but their work in the 1950s came over 80 years after the identification of DNA by a Swiss physician searching for the ‘building blocks’ of ...
Feb 26, 2003 · DNA tests on living people have revealed other ethnic and ancestral origins that have been lost over time. The ancestors of many Icelandic women came from Ireland rather than Norway.
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Feb 25, 2003 · The impressive reach of DNA fingerprinting, both to snare the guilty and clear the innocent, has prompted suggestions for larger DNA databases, as well as counterarguments from civil...
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