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- Organs of the endocrine system. Endocrine glands tend to be vascular and do not have ducts. Ducts are instead found in exocrine glands, which produce hormonal signals outside of the body.
- Hypothalamus. Borders. The hypothalamus is an almond-sized structure in the limbic system of the brain, and the endocrine system’s control center. Its borders are the following
- Pituitary gland. Location. The pituitary gland (hypophysis cerebri) is a pea-sized, ovoid shaped structure attached via the infundibulum to the tuber cinereum of hypothalamus.
- Pineal gland. Location. Along with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri) is found in the brain. It is a small organ located in a depression between the superior colliculi, inferiorly to the splenium of the corpus callosum.
- Function in Males
- Function in Females
- Feedback Effects in Females
Luteinizing Hormone
LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, the main male sex steroid hormone. Testosterone has numerous effects, including: 1. Stimulates formation of sperm (spermatogenesis) in the testes 2. Maintenance of libido (sexual drive) 3. Development of secondary sexual characteristics (pubic, axillary and facial hair) 4. Growth of external genitalia 5. Deepening of voice 6. Muscle growth 7. Bone growth 8. Promotion of anabolic reactions In some tissues, testosterone is co...
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
FSH drives sperm production in the Sertoli cells of the testes (spermatogenesis), as well as synthesis of proteins important for the production and action of steroid hormones. They include: 1. Androgen binding protein (ABP)which maintains high levels of testosterone locally in the luminal space of the seminiferous tubules. 2. P450 aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone into oestradiol. 3. Growth factorsthat support sperm cells and spermatogenesis, that result in increasing the number...
LH and FSH stimulate the ovary to produce mature gametes, as well as synthesise and secrete oestrogens and progestins. LH binds to theca cellson developing follicles as well as granulosa cells. After ovulation, LH binds to cells of the. corpus luteum. It acts on theca cells to produce progestins and androgens. Androgens enter granulosa cells and ar...
Oestrogens and progestins act on the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus to exert negative andpositivefeedback effects. 1. Moderate oestrogen levels exert negative feedback on LH and FSH secretion 2. High oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) positively feedback on LH and FSH secretion 3. Oestrogen in the presence of progesterone ex...
The hypothalamus secretes a small peptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone. GnRH regulates release of the gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from specialized cells (gonadotropes) in the anterior pituitary gland (see figure The CNS-hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal target organ axis ).
Figure 17.1 Endocrine System and Balance. The endocrine system is responsible for regulating many of the variables controlling the body’s internal environment. Hormones of the endocrine system coordinate and control growth, metabolism, temperature regulation, the stress response, reproduction, and many other functions.
The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). The pancreas is also a part of this system; it has a role in hormone production as well as in digestion. The endocrine system is regulated by feedback in much the same way that ...
Jul 31, 2022 · Regulation of the reproductive system is a process that requires the action of hormones from the pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex, and the gonads. During puberty in both males and females, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the production and release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and ...
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Along with the nervous system, the endocrine system coordinates the activities of cells in different organs and tissues to control physiological parameters or generate system-wide responses to environmental changes. Information in the endocrine system is transmitted through several small molecules, peptides and proteins that function as hormones.
