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Neptune
- Neptune (Latin: Neptūnus [nɛpˈtuːnʊs]) is the god of freshwater and the sea in the Roman religion. He is the counterpart of the Greek god Poseidon. In the Greek-inspired tradition, he is a brother of Jupiter and Pluto, with whom he presides over the realms of heaven, the earthly world (including the underworld), and the seas.
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Caelus or Coelus (/ ˈ s iː l ə s /; SEE-ləs) was a primordial god of the sky in Roman mythology and theology, iconography, and literature (compare caelum, the Latin word for "sky" or "heaven", hence English "celestial").
Caelus Roman God, a significant figure in Roman mythology, was considered a primordial deity associated with the sky and heavens. He bore resemblance to the Greek god Uranus and held a prominent role in Roman culture.
Caelus, the Roman personification of the sky, is often depicted as a colossal, bearded figure, embodying the vastness and boundlessness of the heavens. His representation often includes a mantle, symbolizing the celestial dome, which underscores his role as the protector and ruler of the skies.
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The name of Caelus indicates that he was the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Uranus (Οὐρανός, Ouranos), who was of major importance in the theogonies of the Greeks, and the Jewish god Yahweh. Varro couples him with Terra (Earth) as pater et mater (father and mother), and says that they are "great deities" (dei magni) in the theology of the myste...
According to Cicero and Hyginus, Caelus was the son of Aether and Dies ("Day" or "Daylight"). Caelus and Dies were in this tradition the parents of Mercury. With Trivia, Caelus was the father of the distinctively Roman god Janus, as well as of Saturn and Ops. Caelus was also the father of one of the three Jupiters, the fathers of the other two bein...
Caelus substituted for Uranus in Latin versions of the myth of Saturn (Cronus) castrating his heavenly father, from whose severed genitals, cast upon the sea, the goddess Venus (Aphrodite) was born. In his work On the Nature of the Gods, Cicero presents a Stoic allegory of the myth in which the castration signifies "that the highest heavenly aether...
It is generally, though not universally, agreed that Caelus is depicted on the cuirass of the Augustus of Prima Porta, at the very top above the four horses of the Sun god's quadriga. He is a mature, bearded man who holds a cloak over his head so that it billows in the form of an arch, a conventional sign of deity (velificatio) that "recalls the va...
As Caelus Nocturnus, he was the god of the night-time, starry sky. In a passage from Plautus, Nocturnus is regarded as the opposite of Sol, the Sun god. Nocturnus appears in several inscriptions found in Dalmatia and Italy, in the company of other deities who are found also in the cosmological schema of Martianus Capella, based on the Etruscan trad...
The name Caelus occurs in dedicatory inscriptions in connection to the cult of Mithras. The Mithraic Caelus is sometimes depicted allegorically as an eagle bending over the sphere of heaven marked with symbols of the planets or the zodiac. In a Mithraic context he is associated with Cautes and can appear as Caelus Aeternus ("Eternal Sky"). A form o...
Some Roman writers used Caelus or Caelum as a way to express the monotheistic god of Judaism (Yahweh). Juvenal identifies the Jewish God with Caelus as the highest heaven (summum caelum), saying that Jews worship the numen of Caelus; Petronius uses similar language. Florus has a passage describing the Holy of Holies in the Temple of Jerusalem as ho...
[Works attributed to Florus|Floro]Varro, De lingua Latina5.58.Pierre Grimal, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology(Blackwell, 1986, 1996, originally published 1951 in French), pp. 83–84.Marion Lawrence, "The Velletri Sarcophagus," American Journal of Archaeology69.3 (1965), p. 220.Oct 4, 2022 · Caelus was the Roman mythology’s equivalent of Uranus (Sky). According to Cicero, Mercury’s parents were Caelus and Dies, who were the children of Aether and Day (Hermes). Hyginus, however, claims that in addition to Caelus, Aether and Dies were the parents of Terra (Earth) and Mare (Sea).
Latobius, sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares. Nuada, god of the sky, wind, and war. Sulis, goddess of the hot springs at Bath; probably originally the pan-Celtic sun goddess. Ambisagrus, Cisalpine god of rain, sky and hail equated to the Roman god Jupiter.
Oct 2, 2024 · The Roman pantheon consists of a hierarchical structure of deities, each possessing unique attributes and powers. Among these, the deities of the sky and earth hold a particularly vital place in Roman culture, symbolizing the duality of existence and the interdependence of the natural world.
