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Avianus (or possibly Avienus; [1] c. AD 400) a Latin writer of fables, [2] identified as a Greco-Roman Polytheist. [3] The 42 fables which bear his name are dedicated to a certain Theodosius, whose learning is spoken of in most flattering terms.
Avianus (or possibly Avienus; [1] c. AD 400) a Latin writer of fables, [2] identified as a Greco-Roman Polytheist. [3] 10th-century manuscript of Avianus' fables: The Frog Physician and The Mischievous Dog
Avienius. Postumius Rufius Festus Avienius[1][2][3] (sometimes erroneously Avienus) was a Latin writer of the 4th century AD. He was a native of Volsinii in Etruria, [4] from the distinguished family of the Rufii Festi. [5] Avienius is not identical with the historian Festus. [6]
Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicised as Ammian [1] [2] (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born c. 330, died c. 391 – 400), was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).
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Background
The worship of Apollo in Rome began in the fifth century BCE. According to Roman tradition, the first temple to Apollo was promised to the god in 433 BCE in return for his intercession during a plague. This temple was originally known as the Temple of Apollo Medicus and later as the Temple of Apollo Sosianus, after Gaius Sosius, who restored it around 32 BCE. It was situated in the Campus Martius, outside the ceremonial boundary (pomerium) of Rome, since Apollo, whose worship originated in th...
Construction
The dedication of temples by generals following military victories was an established part of Roman political culture in the Middle Republic (c.200 – c.100 BCE), but had largely fallen out of fashion by 100 BCE. Octavian's vow to dedicate the temple followed the victory of his admiral Marcus Agrippa over Sextus Pompeius at the Battle of Naulochus on 3 September 36 BCE:[c] Octavian probably announced the temple's construction in November, during a speech to the Roman senate and people. In 36 B...
Later history
After Augustus's death in 14 CE, his successors as emperor occasionally used the temple's precinct for senate meetings. His immediate successor, Tiberius, held one there in 16 CE, while at least one more under Claudius (r. 41–54 CE) is attested and was intended, in the judgement of the classicist David L. Thompson, as "a symbolic assertion of the imperial power". According to the Roman historian Tacitus, Claudius's wife Agrippina the Younger had a secret door installed in the room used for th...
Location
The temple was the second in Rome dedicated to Apollo; its position on the Palatine Hill made it the first within the Roman pomerium. It was prominently visible from the Circus Maximus to the south of the Palatine. It was adjacent to the older Temple of Cybele, which had been dedicated in 191 BCE, and the ancient stairway known as the Scalae Caci ('Stairs of Cacus'). It was also near the early-third-century Temple of Victory; the proximity of the monuments may have been intended to reinforce...
Architecture
Scholars are divided on the interpretation of the temple's architecture. The archaeologist John Ward-Perkins has described its architecture and embellishment, particularly its use of proportions common in Hellenistic architecture and its sculptural programme, as "a lively architectural experiment". He contrasts this with the conservatism of other Augustan projects, such as the restoration of the Temple of Cybele, which largely reused material from the existing structure. On the other hand, th...
Sculptures and artwork
The temple contained three cult statue: one of Apollo in the "Apollo Citharoedus" ('lyre-playing Apollo') type, one of his sister Diana, and one of their mother Latona. A further statue of Apollo was situated in front of the temple. The cult statues were the work of Greek sculptors of the fourth century BCE: that of Apollo was made by Scopas. On the basis of the temple's epithet Rhamnusius, it has been conjectured that the statue originally came from the Nemeseion sanctuary at Rhamnous in Att...
It is unclear whether the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was intended to supplant or complement the existing centre for Apollo's worship at the Temple of Apollo Sosianus. According to the classicist Bénédicte Delignon, the temple served to establish Apollo as the tutelary deity of Rome and as a representation of Augustus's symbolic refoundation of the ...
In modern times, the temple has been described by Ward-Perkins as "one of the earliest and finest of the Augustan temples". It was noted by contemporaries as among Rome's most impressive monuments, and described by the historians Velleius Paterculus and Josephus in the 1st century CE as the greatest of Augustus's building projects. Suetonius simila...
In modern times, only the cement core of the temple's podium, measuring 19.2 by 37.0 by 4.7 metres (63.0 by 121.4 by 15.4 ft), survives, as well as isolated architectural fragments including blocks from the cella. Pietro Rosa made the first full excavations of the area around the temple in the nineteenth century. He began working on the Palatine in...
Media related to Temple of Apollo Palatinus (Rome)at Wikimedia CommonsAvianus or Avienus (the MSS give both forms), Roman fabulist (fl. c. 400 ce). He dedicated his 42 fables in elegiacs to one Theodosius, who is commonly held to be *Macrobius (Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius); it is possible (though not more) that he is the Avienus who appears in the latter's Saturnalia (who is certainly not the geographical ...
People also ask
Was Avianus a pagan?
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Is Avienius the same as Festus?
MACROBIUS, AVIENUS, AND AVIANUS I. THE DATE OF AVIANUS DESPITE Lachmann's attempt to place them in the second century, it is now generally agreed that the Fables of Avianus cannot have been written before the late fourth or early fifth century. The linguistic and metrical evidence is decisive.
