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Based on ancient Egyptian texts and diplomatic correspondence, inscriptions on stone monuments, and information gleaned, from a host of ancient artifacts and private tombs, this in-depth exploration of pharaoh’s army fills a yawning gap in our understanding of ancient Egyptian military history, and thus, the civilization as a whole.
During the Egyptian conquest, the Pharaoh would divide his army into two parts, the North and the South. They would then be further divided into four more armies named after the Egyptian gods Ra, Amen, Ptah, and Sutekh (of all the armies the Pharaoh would align himself with Amen).
The Battle of the Nile in early 47 BC saw the combined Roman – Egyptian armies of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat those of the rival Queen Arsinoe IV and King Ptolemy XIII and secure the throne of Egypt.
- The Development of Professional Warfare
- Armies & Weapons in The Old Kingdom
- Middle Kingdom Warfare
- The Contributions of The Hyksos
- The Army of The Empire
- The Egyptian Navy
- Decline of The Egyptian Military
Although modern-day scholars disagree on whether Narmer united Egypt through conquest, there is no doubt that a military force under a strong leader was necessary to hold the country together. Throughout the Early DynasticPeriod in Egypt, there is evidence of unrest, perhaps even a division of the country at one point, and civil wars between factio...
The weapons of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods were primarily maces, daggers, and spears. By the time of the Old Kingdom the bow and arrow, among other weaponry, had been added as historian Margaret Bunson explains: The Egyptians used a simple single-arched bow which was hard to draw, had a short range, and unreliable accuracy. The soldi...
By the time of the Middle Kingdom the troops carried copper axes and swords. The long, bronzespear became standard as did body armor of leather over short kilts. The army was better organized with "a minister of war and a commander in chief of the army, or an official who worked in that capacity" (Bunson, 169). These professional troops were highly...
The kings of the 12th Dynasty, like Senusret III, were strong rulers who contributed a great deal to Egyptian stability but the 13th Dynasty was weaker and failed to maintain an effective central government. The Hyksos, a Semitic people who immigrated from Syria-Palestine, settled in Lower Egypt at Avaris and, in time, had amassed enough wealth to ...
The period of the New Kingdom is the best known by modern-day audiences with some of the most famous rulers (Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Seti I, Ramesses II). It was the period when Egypt reached its height in prestige, power, and wealth. Van de Mieroop writes: The empire of the New Kingdom starts with Ahmose I's pursuit of the Hyksos out of Egypt, t...
Besides the army and the chariotry, there was a third branch of the military, the navy. As noted, in the Old Kingdom the navy was used primarily to transport infantry. Even as late as the Second Intermediate Period, Kamose was using the navy simply as transport to bring his troops down the Nilefor the sack of Avaris. In the New Kingdom, however, th...
Ramesses III was the last effective pharaoh of the New Kingdom and, after he died, great military successes became more and more a thing of the past. The pharaohs who followed him were not strong enough to hold the empire and it began to fall apart. A contributing factor to this decline was actually Ramesses II's decision to build Per-Ramesses and ...
Many Georgians fought in the armies of empires that ruled the country since the 16th century, be it the Safavids (and successive Afsharids and Qajars), the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union.
With impressive verbal virtuosity, the poet presents their destruction in a repetitive pattern of visual images of almost cinematographic intensity – using fourfold variation, for instance, to tell how the walls of water have come crashing down on the doomed army.
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Title: The Submersion of Pharoah's Army in the Red Sea, from twelve blocks: 'Block J, directly to right of Block G', showing the cliffs Artist: After Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (Italian, Pieve di Cadore ca. 1485/90?–1576 Venice)
