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Petite bourgeoisie (French pronunciation: [pətit(ə) buʁʒwazi], literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants.
- Abstract
- Milices Bourgeoises from Old Regime to Revolution
- The Parisian Milice Bourgeoise and The Bastille Insurrection
- The Garde Nationale and Social Contention, 1789–1790
- Conclusion
The night of July 12–13, 1789, Parisian Third Estate voters gathered at the Hôtel de Ville to coordinate defensive measures against those feared to be menacing their lives and property. They would settle on mobilizing a Milice bourgeoise, drawn from their own number and organized through their voting districts, to assert control over the growing in...
The Milice bourgeoise, a medieval institution traditionally drawn from privileged burghers, by the 1780s had been widely reduced by authorities to ceremonial or auxiliary status. French policing became increasingly professionalized over the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with regularized forces in the towns and maréchaussée in the countrysid...
Despite early summer 1789's general uncertainty, Paris's Third Estate elites still were unprepared for the developments of July 12. Waiting for approval of their proposed force from Versailles, electors did not immediately seize the initiative upon receiving word of minister Jacques Necker's disgrace. Others, however, mobilized more quickly: motley...
With its triumph in the Bastille insurrection, Parisian leaders presented the creation of a permanent and socially exclusive Milice bourgeoise—rechristened as the Garde nationale—to both the populace and national government as a fait accompli, won as part of Paris's municipal revolution Louis XVI had implicitly sanctioned on July 17. The lower-clas...
Much as exclusions based on categories race and gender remain central for understanding the Revolution's complicated trajectory, social conflict related to notions of class cannot be divorced from the early French Revolution. While most previous interpretations have viewed the French Revolution as at most a passively bourgeois revolution, in certai...
- Micah Alpaugh
- 2014
Led by Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins called for democratic solutions to France’s problems and spoke for the urban poor and French peasantry. The Jacobins took control of the convention, and France itself, from 1793 to 1794.
Jul 5, 2013 · The central issue in analyzing the French Revolution traditionally has been whether it was a class revolution. Historians from Jaures to Lefebvre said yes, analyzing the Revolution as a class struggle between a feudal old regime and a capitalist bourgeoisie. But three revisions have disputed this.
Sep 29, 2024 · The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- There were many reasons. The bourgeoisie—merchants, manufacturers, professionals—had gained financial power but were excluded from political power....
- King Louis XVI of France yielded to the idea of a new constitution and to the sovereignty of the people but at the same time sent emissaries to the...
- In some respects, the French Revolution did not succeed. But the ideas of representational democracy and basic property rights took hold, and it so...
Among historians, the name Georges Lefebvre needs no introduction. Anyone who has studied the French Revolution, whether at school or at a university, will have come across his books. They are plentiful, accessible, and apparently authoritative.
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Jan 29, 2018 · In December 1789, Parisian authorities launched a set of major fiscal and territorial reforms, aiming to establish state order throughout France, turning cities and districts into centralizing outposts, and securing the rule of law and freedom for newly minted citizens.
