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  1. Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal.

  2. Jul 14, 2014 · This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in ENS as well as alternative neuromodulation techniques—presenting the operational concepts, technical implementation and limitations—in order to inform system design choices.

  3. Our discussion covers a breadth of modalities in neuromodulation, from electrical, thermal, and optical to pharmacological and multimodal combinations of these, in tissue-compliant and wireless platforms with demonstrated utility in animal model studies and clear promise in clinical translation.

    • Sang Min Won, Enming Song, Enming Song, Jonathan T. Reeder, John A. Rogers
    • 2020
  4. Jan 4, 2017 · Understanding the dynamics and architecture of the nervous system requires tools for recording and modulating the activity of billions of neurons. This Review explores the history of neural...

  5. Jan 1, 2009 · It is the science of how electrical, chemical, and mechanical interventions can modulate the nervous system function. Neuromodulation is inherently non-destructive, reversible, and adjustable.

    • Elliot S. Krames, P Hunter Peckham, Ali R. Rezai, Farag Aboelsaad
    • 2009
  6. May 26, 2021 · Neuromodulators trigger second messenger cascades that affect neural circuits in two broad ways: (1) changing the excitability or temporal pattern of neuron activity and (2) altering the strength of synaptic connections between neurons (Marder and Bucher 2001; Dickinson 2006).

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  8. Micro- and nanostructured electrodes permit intracellular recordings and modulation of sub-threshold events at finer temporal resolution and longer duration than conventional patch-clamp electrophysiology.

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