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1. www.nature.com › articles › s41540/018/0065-0Redefining environmental exposure for disease etiology | npj ...

   www.nature.com › articles › s41540/018/0065-0

   Sep 1, 2018 · Etiological studies of human exposures to environmental factors typically rely on low-throughput methods that target only a few hundred chemicals or mixtures. In this Perspectives article, I ...

   • Author: Stephen M Rappaport
   • Email: srappaport@berkeley.edu

   • Publish Year: 2018

2. pubs.acs.org › doi › pdfProviding the Missing Link: the Exposure Science Ontology ExO

   pubs.acs.org › doi › pdf

   Feb 10, 2012 · The ontology aims to represent the possible spectrum and granularity of data involved in an exposure event or study. The development and use of terminology that is both accepted and widely used by exposure practitioners is critical for integration and future growth of the exposure science field.

   • Author: Carolyn J. Mattingly, Thomas E. McKone, Michael A. Callahan, Judith A. Blake, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal

   • Publish Year: 2012

3. www.nature.com › articles › s41370/023/00635-wReconstructing individual-level exposures in cohort analyses ...

   www.nature.com › articles › s41370/023/00635-w

   Jan 8, 2024 · The definition of the exposure summaries first requires assumptions on the temporal dependency between exposure and outcomes, determined by underlying biological mechanisms.

4. www.researchgate.net › publication › 259248630(PDF) Causal inference with missing exposure information ...

   www.researchgate.net › publication › 259248630

   Dec 5, 2013 · In this article, we describe and compare a collection of methods based on different modeling assumptions, under standard assumptions for missing data (i.e. missing-at-random and positivity)...

5. besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › fullExposure and susceptibility: The Twin Pillars of infection

   besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › full

   May 3, 2022 · We provide a framework for conceptualising exposure–susceptibility interactions, where they obscure, confound, induce or counteract one another, providing some well-known examples for each complicating mechanism.

6. www.nature.com › articles › jes201050Implications of the exposome for exposure science | Journal ...

   www.nature.com › articles › jes201050

   Nov 17, 2010 · Instead of measuring exposures, exposure scientists increasingly predict exposure levels from deterministic or probabilistic models based on observational data, spatiotemporal determinants,...

7. People also ask

   What is a 'exposome'?

   • In contrasting the rich science spawned by the human genome project with the fragmented efforts to characterize environmental exposures, Christopher Wild defined the ‘‘exposome’’, representing the totality of exposures from conception onwards, as a quantity of critical interest for understanding the environmental causes of disease (Wild, 2005).

   Implications of the exposome for exposure science

   www.nature.com/articles/jes201050

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   What are exposure summaries?

   • The definition of the exposure summaries first requires assumptions on the temporal dependency between exposure and outcomes, determined by underlying biological mechanisms. Two intertwined aspects are particularly relevant: the timescale of the association and the related exposure window.

   Reconstructing individual-level exposures in cohort analyses of environ…

   www.nature.com/articles/s41370-023-00635-w

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   What is a clear definition of an exposed person?

   • A clear definition of an exposed person is also necessary. This definition must include all the characteristics that identify a person as being exposed to the factor in question. In the absence of clear definitions of disease and exposure, it is very difficult to interpret the data from an epidemiological study.

   Basic - World Health Organization

   iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43541/9241547073_eng.pdf?sequence=1

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   How do exposure scientists predict exposure levels?

   • Instead of measuring exposures, exposure scientists increasingly predict exposure levels from deterministic or probabilistic models based on observational data, spatiotemporal determinants, and/or stationary sampling of ambient air and water.

   Implications of the exposome for exposure science

   www.nature.com/articles/jes201050

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   How do exposure scientists characterize exposomes?

   • Exposure scientists can adopt either ‘‘bottom-up’’ or ‘‘top-down’’ strategies for characterizing exposomes, (Rappaport and Smith, 2010). As shown in Figure 2 (left), a bottom-up strategy would involve sampling of air, water and dietary sources of exposure, followed by quantitation of chemicals in these samples.

   Implications of the exposome for exposure science

   www.nature.com/articles/jes201050

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   How can exposomes be characterized?

   • Two strategies for characterizing exposomes. With bottom-up exposomics (left) chemicals would be measured in air, water and food. This would identify potentially important exogenous exposures and their sources, but would miss endogenous exposures. With top-down exposomics (right) chemicals would be measured in blood.

   Implications of the exposome for exposure science

   www.nature.com/articles/jes201050

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8. iris.who.int › 43541 › 9241547073_engBasic - World Health Organization

   iris.who.int › 43541 › 9241547073_eng

   Basic epidemiology starts with a definition of epidemiology, introduces the his-tory of modern epidemiology, and provides examples of the uses and applications of epidemiology. Measurement of exposure and disease are covered in Chapter 2 and a summary of the different types of study designs and their strengths and limitations is provided in ...