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Jan 31, 2011 · future event on an individual s current responses, whether those responses are conscious or noncon-scious, cognitive or affective. This article reports 9 experiments, involving more than 1,000 participants, that test for retroactive influence by time-reversing well-established psychological effects so that the
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The usual level of significant in psychology is 0.05. Therefore the p value is usually equal to or less than 0.05 (5%) which means that the probability of the difference in the study’s findings being due to chance is 5% or less so researchers have a 95% confidence level in their results.
Main Effects. A “main effect” is the effect of one of your independent variables on the dependent variable, ignoring the effects of all other independent variables. To examine main effects, let’s look at a study in which 7-year-olds and 15-year-olds are given IQ tests, and then two weeks later, their teachers are told that some small ...
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- Introduction
- Levels of Awareness
- Other States of Consciousness
- Conclusion
Have you ever had a fellow motorist stopped beside you at a red light, singing his brains out, or picking his nose, or otherwise behaving in ways he might not normally do in public? There is something about being alone in a car that encourages people to zone out and forget that others can see them. Although these little lapses of attention are amus...
In 1957, a marketing researcher inserted the words “Eat Popcorn” onto one frame of a film being shown all across the United States. And although that frame was only projected onto the movie screen for 1/24th of a second—a speed too fast to be perceived by conscious awareness—the researcher reported an increase in popcorn sales by nearly 60%. Almost...
Hypnosis
If you’ve ever watched a stage hypnotist perform, it may paint a misleading portrait of this state of consciousness. The hypnotized people on stage, for example, appear to be in a state similar to sleep. However, as the hypnotist continues with the show, you would recognize some profound differences between sleep and hypnosis. Namely, when you’re asleep, hearing the word “strawberry” doesn’t make you flap your arms like a chicken. In stage performances, the hypnotized participants appear to b...
Sleep
You may have experienced the sensation– as you are falling asleep– of falling and then found yourself physically jerking forward and grabbing out as if you were really falling. Sleep is a unique state of consciousness; it lacks full awareness but the brain is still active. People generally follow a “biological clock” that impacts when they naturally become drowsy, when they fall asleep, and the time they naturally awaken. The hormone melatonin increases at night and is associated with becomin...
Psychoactive Drugs
On April 16, 1943, Albert Hoffman—a Swiss chemist working in a pharmaceutical company—accidentally ingested a newly synthesized drug. The drug—lysergic acid diethylimide (LSD)—turned out to be a powerful hallucinogen. Hoffman went home and later reported the effects of the drug, describing them as seeing the world through a “warped mirror” and experiencing visions of “extraordinary shapes with intense, kaleidoscopic play of colors.” Hoffman had discovered what members of many traditional cult...
When you think about your daily life it is easy to get lulled into the belief that there is one “setting” for your conscious thought. That is, you likely believe that you hold the same opinions, values, and memories across the day and throughout the week. But “you” are like a dimmer switch on a light that can be turned from full darkness increasing...
- Robert Biswas-Diener, Jake Teeny
- 2019
A or R – primes subjects to expect the same event, and that the strength of this priming effect decays across trials, so that recent events have a much stronger influence on people’s expectations. To visualize a pattern of sequential effects, it is traditional to plot the mean RTs in a figure similar to Figure 1.
The purpose of this handout is to help you to find the language to describe interactions in writing. All of the examples below involve results with interactions. We assume that you understand the definitions of main effects and interactions and how to evaluate these effects. This handout focuses on describing 2x2 interactions.
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Main effects are independent of each other in the sense that whether or not there is a main effect of one independent variable says nothing about whether or not there is a main effect of the other. The bottom panel of Figure 9.3, for example, shows a clear main effect of psychotherapy length. The longer the psychotherapy, the better it worked.
