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Non-formal learning is more flexible than learning in formal contexts (Ionescu, 2020). This means that non-formal curricula can focus on content that relates to learners’ interests (e.g., focusing on content use in contexts that are meaningful to learners, or where learners exercise some choice in learning content).
one of the most cited threads of informal learning. Coming from a United Kingdom perspective, McGivney (1999: 1) in Informal learning in the community, determined that: There is no single definition of informal learning. It is a broad and loose concept that incorporates very diverse kinds of learning, learning styles and learning arrangements ...
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Apr 27, 2022 · In accordance with vocational learning research (Cerasoli et al., 2018; Decius et al., 2019), we therefore define informal student learning as all behavioral, cognitive, and intentional processes of students that serve the purpose of study-related knowledge acquisition but occur self-directedly outside of formally prescribed, curriculum-based learning objectives. Informal learning in studies ...
- Introduction
- Informal Learning – An Administrative Concept
- ‘non-formal’ Learning as Implicit, Reactive and Deliberative
- Tacit Knowledge
- Situated Learning
- Self-Education and Informal Education
- Conclusion
- Further Reading and References
- References
- Links
Commentators in the UK adult education and lifelong learning field have shown an increasing interest in informal learning. Bentley (1998) has examined ‘learning beyond the classroom’; Coffield (2000) ‘the necessity of informal learning’; Marsick and Watkins (1990) and Dale and Bell (1999) ‘informal and incidental learning in the workplace’; and McG...
We can begin to see some of the problems associated with the term ‘informal learning’ as soon as we glance at the definitions offered. For example, Veronica McGivney used the following in her study. Informal learning is: 1. Learning that takes place outside a dedicated learning environment and which arises from the activities and interests of indiv...
Michael Eraut has contributed one of the most helpful discussions of ‘informal learning’ in recent years. He suggests, but doesn’t really make the case for, a focus on non-formal learning. The argument is that the term ‘informal’ is associated with so many other features of situations – such as dress, behaviour, discourse – ‘that its colloquial app...
Another path into the notion of informal learning is to view it simply as implicit learning. Such learning results in what Polanyi (1967) calls tacit knowledge – ‘that which we know but cannot tell’. However, as Eraut (2000: 16) again points out, a string of writers have explored how what they talk of as tacit knowledge can be made explicit (and ho...
This leads on to a fourth avenue of exploration – viewing informal learning as an expression of situated learning (see learning). This takes us beyond understandings of learning as being internal, or ‘within the skin’, of individuals (see discussion of atomized notions of the self) towards an understanding that takes in the social. When looked at i...
Thus far, the argument has been that the notion of informal learning only has a limited use as a means of highlighting the extent of learning and education activity beyond the school. As a basis upon which to develop significant theory or to deepen practice it has little to recommend it. Indeed, it could be argued that it diverts attention away fro...
My basic line of argument here has been that once the obvious point is made that much learning takes place beyond the formal confines of the classroom, then the usefulness of the notion of ‘informal learning’ quickly fades. Part of the reason for this has been the eagerness of policymakers, academics and practitioners to substitute the learning for...
Coffield, F. (2000) The Necessity of Informal Learning, Bristol: The Policy Press. 80 + iv pages. Useful collection of material arising out of ESRC Learning Society Programme. Includes Coffield on the significance of informal learning; an excellent piece by Michael Eraut on non-formal learning – implicit learning and tacit knowledge in professional...
Batsleer, J. (2008) Informal Learning in Youth Work. London: Sage. Bekerman, Z., N. C. Burbules and D. Silberman Keller (2006) Learning in Places – the informal education reader, New York: Peter Lang. Bentley, T. (1998) Learning beyond the Classroom: Education for a changing world, London: Routledge. Boud, D. and Garrick, J. (eds.) (1999) Understan...
DfEE Research – Informal learning in the workplace– summary of Dale and Bell’s (1999) study. John Ellis – Informal education: a Christian perspective Acknowledgement: The picture “Shadow Work” is by Tony Hall and is reproduced under a ccby4 licence– flickr: http://www.flickr.com/photos/anotherphotograph/3389627948/ How to cite this piece: Smith, Ma...
Dec 22, 2016 · This chapter discusses how the organization of informal learning differs across distinct settings but with important commonalities distinguishing informal learning from formal learning: Informal learning is nondidactic, is embedded in meaningful activity, builds on the learner’s initiative or interest or choice (rather than resulting from external demands or requirements), and does not ...
- Barbara Rogoff, Maureen Callanan, Kris D. Gutiérrez, Frederick Erickson
- 2016
attractive alternative to formal classroom-based learning, which may conjure up memories of negative school experiences. Informal learning may be less daunting because there are no tests or ‘formal’ assessment processes. Another benefit is that informal learning can be adapted to better suit the learner’s goals (Becket & Hager 2002).
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Jul 2, 2021 · The definition of non-formal and informal learning based on what they are not is striking given that these types of learning predate formal learning and most learning is non-formal or informal (Eraut, 2000; Lee et al., 2019). Formal learning seems to have won the conceptual battle, using the visibility of schools and universities, places primarily designed for teaching and learning, as its ...
