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Feb 1, 2016 · This study used open-ended question as participants, in open-ended questionnaire, can provide relatively detailed responses which, to a great extent, address the questions properly...
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This study used open-ended question as participants, in...
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questionnaires employing both closed and open-ended items (discussed below) have the latter at the end, as they usually require more of participants, with the idea of encouraging a balance...
The selection of question structure is fundamental to the process of questionnaire construction. The open-ended question is one type of structure; the other, more commonly used alternative is the closed-ended question. The open-ended question does not provide answer categories.
- Conventional Wisdom
- Open versus Closed Questions
- Theoretical Issues
- The Order of Response Alternatives
- Recall Error
- Serial Order Effects
- Testing and Evaluating Questionnaires
- Methods With Data Collection
- Conclusion
Hundreds of methodology textbooks have offered various versions of conventional wisdom about optimal question design. The most valuable advice in this common wisdom can be summarized as follows: Use simple, familiar words (avoid technical terms, jargon, and slang); Use simple syntax; Avoid words with ambiguous meanings, i.e., aim for wording tha...
One of the first decisions a researcher must make when designing a survey question is whether to make it open (permitting respondents to answer in their own words) or closed (requiring respondents to select an answer from a set of choices). Although the vast majority of survey questions are closed, some open questions play prominent roles in surve...
Respondents confronted with a rating scale must execute a matching or mapping process. They must assess their own attitude in conceptual terms (e.g., “I like it a lot”) and then find the point on the rating scale that most closely matches that attitude (see Ostrom & Gannon, 1996). Thus, several conditions must be met in order for a rating scale to ...
Many studies have shown that the order in which response alternatives are presented can affect their selection. Some studies show primacy effects (options more likely to be selected when they are presented early); others show recency effects (options more likely to be selected when presented last), and still other studies show no order effects at ...
Aside from motivated misreporting due to concern about social desirability, questions about the past are subject to two major sources of error. The first, and most fundamental, is comprehension. The query “During the last month, have you purchased any household furniture?” for instance, may be compromised by varying interpretations of “household ...
Serial order can operate in at least three ways: by affecting motivation, promoting learning, and producing fatigue. Items at the very beginning of a questionnaire may be especially likely to influence willingness to respond to the survey, because they can shape respondents’ understanding of what the survey is about and what responding to it enta...
No matter how closely a questionnaire follows recommendations based on best practices, it is likely to benefit from pretesting: a formal evaluation carried out before the main survey. This is because best practice recommendations provide little guidance about most specific wording choices or question orderings. In addition, particular population...
Unlike methods not involving data collection, which can only make predictions about whether items cause problems, methods using data collection provide evidence of whether the items, in fact, cause problems. The most common form of pretest data collection -- conventional pretesting -- involves administering a questionnaire to a small sample of the...
Researchers who compose questionnaires should find useful guidance in the specific recommendations for the wording and organization of survey questionnaires that we have offered in this chapter. In concluding, we offer two more general recommendations. First, questionnaire designers should review questions from earlier surveys before writing thei...
Jun 25, 2018 · We implemented this basic procedure online (Exp. 1A, n = 78), comparing standard open-ended responses to an alternative procedure using closed-ended responses (Exp. 1B, n = 75).
The formula for effective survey research involves three key elements: Asking the right questions. Asking those questions of the right sample of people (representative and appropriate) Using the data correctly (accurately, and without misrepresentation).
People also ask
Are open-ended questions more detailed than closed-ended?
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Why do open-ended questions have no answer choices?
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Are closed ended questions easy to code?
The results suggest that open-ended questions produce more missing data than close-ended, and should be more explicit in their wording (at least for Websurveys, as a self administered mode of data collection) than close -ended questions, which are more specified with given response alternatives.