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Scotland was divided into a series of kingdoms in the Early Middle Ages, i.e. between the end of Roman authority in southern and central Britain from around 400 AD and the rise of the kingdom of Alba in 900 AD.
The population levels of Europe during the Middle Ages can be roughly categorized: [1] 400–600 (Late Antiquity): population decline. 600–1000 (Early Middle Ages): stable at a low level, with intermittent growth. 1000–1250 (High Middle Ages): population boom and expansion.
If then there were some 400,000 people in Scotland in 1300, where did they live? Once again let us begin with a wide generalisation, that population is a function of food supply, and that, except in highly developed industrialised communities, the bulk of the people live on or near lands that can be farmed or coasts that can be fished.
- The Early People of Scotland
- The Romans in Scotland
- The Scots of Ireland
- The Vikings in Scotland
- The Normans in Scotland
- The Scottish Wars of Independence
- The Reformation and Beyond
The earliest inhabitants of Scotland were likely the Picts, a Celtic-speaking people who lived in what is now Scotland from around 500 BC to 900 AD. Little is known about the Picts, as they left behind no written records. What we do know comes from archaeological evidence, including their impressive stone carvings and hill forts, which can still be...
In the early centuries AD, Scotland was part of the Roman Empire. The Romans invaded Scotland in 43 AD and established a series of forts and settlements along the southern coast, including what is now Edinburgh. However, the Romans never fully conquered Scotland, and after several centuries of sporadic conflict, they withdrew from the region in the...
In the 5th and 6th centuries AD, a new group of people arrived in Scotland – the Scots. Contrary to popular belief, the Scots were not originally from Scotland, but rather from Ireland. They came from a region in northern Ireland called Dalriada, and they gradually migrated eastward into what is now Scotland. By the 9th century, the Scots had estab...
In the late 8th century, another group of people arrived in Scotland – the Vikings. The Vikings, who came from what is now Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, raided Scotland’s coast and islands for several decades before establishing their own settlements. The Vikings eventually merged with the local population, and their influence can still be seen toda...
In the 11th century, Scotland was invaded by the Normans, who had already conquered England. The Normans established a series of castles and fortifications throughout Scotland, including in Edinburgh and Stirling. However, unlike in England, the Normans were never able to fully conquer Scotland, and Scotland remained an independent kingdom.
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Scotland and England went to war in a series of conflicts known as the Scottish Wars of Independence. The most famous of these was the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, in which the Scottish king, Robert the Bruce, defeated a much larger English army. The wars ended in 1328 with the signing of the Treaty of E...
In the 16th century, Scotland underwent a period of religious upheaval known as the Scottish Reformation. This was a time of great turmoil, as the country became divided between Protestants and Catholics. The Reformation ultimately led to the establishment of the Church of Scotland, which remains the country’s national church today. In the centurie...
Medieval Europe. Far from a ‘dark age’, Early Medieval Scotland (AD 300–900) was a crucible of different languages and cultures, the world of the Picts, Scots, Britons and Anglo-Saxons. Though long regarded as somehow peripheral to continental Europe, people in Early Medieval Scotland had mastered complex technologies
In 1800, 17 per cent of people in Scotland lived in towns of more than 10,000 inhabitants. By 1850 it was 32 per cent and by 1900 it was 50 per cent. By 1900 one in three of the entire population were in the four cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Dundee and Aberdeen.
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The project has created an online database of all Scottish people mentioned in the over 8600 extant documents from the period 1093CE to 1371CE, though names and documents extend into the early 15th century.
