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     blog.naver.com

     • Flower coloration is due to the combined effect of wavelength-selective absorption by pigments and light scattering by the petal interior [11 – 14]. The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation.
     royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

     How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

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   How is light reflected in a flower?

   • Diagram of light reflection in a flower. Part of the incident light ( I) is reflected by the surface ( Rsurface) or by the interior ( Rinterior ), part of the light is transmitted ( T) through the flower, and light of a specific wavelength range is absorbed by pigments.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   What determines a flower's reflectance?

   • Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   Does a flat flower surface cause specular reflection?

   • (C) A very flat and smooth flower surface may cause specular reflection when the angle of illumination is identical to the angle of observation (denoted by α). Light that is reflected by the surface will not be modified by floral pigments inside the flower, so the gloss will generally be perceived as (achromatic) white.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   Do flowers have a reflectance spectrum?

   • Accordingly, for numerous flowers the coloration, characterized by their reflectance spectrum, has been reported (e.g. [6 – 10]), but the optics, i.e. the complex interaction of light with the inner components of flowers, has so far received much less attention.

   How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration

   royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

   See all results for this question

   What determines a flower's color and saturation?

   • The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation. Backscattering of light occurs at the irregularly structured inner petal components (e.g. the vacuoles and air spaces; figure 1).

   How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration

   royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

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   Why are flowers so colorful?

   • Most flowers appear colorful because they contain light-absorbing pigments that reflect only certain wavelengths of light. But some flowers also use iridescence, a different type of color produced when light reflects from microscopically spaced structures or surfaces. The shifting rainbow colours you can see on a CD are an example of iridescence.

   How Flowers Manipulate Light to Send Secret Signals to Bees

   www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/flowers-manipulate-light-to-send-secret-signals-bees-180965316/

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3. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articlesLight Waves - BBC Bitesize

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articles

   Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the eye. It travels as a transverse wave. Unlike a sound waves, light waves do not need a medium to pass through, they can...

4. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guidesReflection of light - Light waves - Edexcel - GCSE Physics ...

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guides

   Light waves - Edexcel. All waves will reflect and refract in the right circumstances. The reflection and refraction of light explains how people see images, colour and even optical...

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6. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articlesWhat is reflection? - BBC Bitesize

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articles

   Light travels in straight lines, when it hits an object it is reflected and enters our eyes. Find out more with this Bitesize Primary KS2 Science guide.

7. www.sciencelearn.org.nz › 48-reflection-of-lightReflection of light — Science Learning Hub

   www.sciencelearn.org.nz › 48-reflection-of-light

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   • Specular Reflection
   • Concave Mirrors
   • Convex Mirrors
   • Scattering of Light

   The angle at which light hits a reflecting surface is called the angle of incidence, and the angle at which light bounces off a reflecting surface is called the angle of reflection If you want to measure these angles, imagine a perfectly straight line at a right angle to the reflective surface (this imaginary line is called ‘normal’). If you measur...

   See full list on sciencelearn.org.nz

   The inside curve of a spoon is an example of a concave mirror Concave mirrors are used in certain types of astronomical telescopes called reflecting telescopes. The mirrors condense lots of light from faint sources in space onto a much smaller viewing area and allow the viewer to see far away objects and events in space that would be invisible to t...

   See full list on sciencelearn.org.nz

   Convex mirrors curve outwards, like the outside of a balloon. Parallel rays of light strike the mirror and are reflected outwards. If imaginary lines are traced back, they appear to come from a focal point behind the mirror. Convex mirrors are useful for shop security and rear-view mirrors on vehicles because they give a wider field of vision.

   See full list on sciencelearn.org.nz

   Some light is scattered in all directions when it hits very small particles such as gas molecules or much larger particles such as dust or droplets of water. The amount of scattering depends on how big the particle is compared to the wavelength of light that is hitting it. Smaller wavelengths are scattered more. “Why is the sky blue?” is a common q...

   See full list on sciencelearn.org.nz

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9. royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

   royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10

   May 11, 2016 · Flower coloration is due to the combined effect of wavelength-selective absorption by pigments and light scattering by the petal interior [11–14]. The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation.

   • Author: Casper J. van der Kooi, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Marten Staal, Doekele G. Stavenga

   • Publish Year: 2016

10. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesFunctional significance of the optical properties of flowers ...

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

    Jul 4, 2018 · Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

11. www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › flowersHow Flowers Manipulate Light to Send Secret Signals to Bees

    www.smithsonianmag.com › science-nature › flowers

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    Oct 19, 2017 · Nanoscale patterns on the petals reflect light in a way that effectively creates a “blue halo” around the flower that helps attract the bees and encourages pollination. This fascinating...