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     link.springer.com

     • A small part of the incident light is reflected by the surface (Rs) of the adaxial side of the petal (ad), but reflections and refractions inside the petal at the boundaries of irregularly arranged components of the mesophyll layer (ml) result in diffusely scattered light from the interior (R i).
     royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

     How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

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   How is light reflected in a flower?

   • Diagram of light reflection in a flower. Part of the incident light ( I) is reflected by the surface ( Rsurface) or by the interior ( Rinterior ), part of the light is transmitted ( T) through the flower, and light of a specific wavelength range is absorbed by pigments.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   What determines a flower's reflectance?

   • Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   Does a flat flower surface cause specular reflection?

   • (C) A very flat and smooth flower surface may cause specular reflection when the angle of illumination is identical to the angle of observation (denoted by α). Light that is reflected by the surface will not be modified by floral pigments inside the flower, so the gloss will generally be perceived as (achromatic) white.

   Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6344213/

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   Which type of reflection causes light rays to be reflected in all directions?

   • diffuse reflection The type of reflection caused by rough surfaces, which causes light rays to be reflected in all directions. Filters transmit certain colour and absorb others. Coloured objects reflect certain colours and absorb others. Filters transmit some colours of light and absorb other colours of light.

   Colour subtraction, absorption and reflection - BBC

   www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zw982hv/articles/z6mpywx

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   Do flowers have a reflectance spectrum?

   • Accordingly, for numerous flowers the coloration, characterized by their reflectance spectrum, has been reported (e.g. [6 – 10]), but the optics, i.e. the complex interaction of light with the inner components of flowers, has so far received much less attention.

   How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration

   royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

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   What determines a flower's color and saturation?

   • The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation. Backscattering of light occurs at the irregularly structured inner petal components (e.g. the vacuoles and air spaces; figure 1).

   How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration

   royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2016.0429

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3. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guidesReflection of light - Light waves - Edexcel - GCSE Physics ...

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guides

   All waves will reflect and refract in the right circumstances. The reflection and refraction of light explains how people see images, colour and even optical illusions. Part of Physics...

4. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › topicsColour subtraction, absorption and reflection guide for KS3 ...

   www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › topics

   Learn about how filters affect the light that can shine through them and how light is absorbed and reflected by different colours of surfaces with this guide for KS3 physics students aged...

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6. www.bbc.co.uk › bitesize › articlesLight Waves - BBC Bitesize

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   The reflected ray is the ray of light coming away from the mirror. The normal is a reference line drawn at right angles to the reflecting surface of the mirror. The angle of incidence, i, is...

7. www.sciencelearn.org.nz › 48-reflection-of-lightReflection of light — Science Learning Hub

   www.sciencelearn.org.nz › 48-reflection-of-light

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   • Specular Reflection
   • Concave Mirrors
   • Convex Mirrors
   • Scattering of Light

   The angle at which light hits a reflecting surface is called the angle of incidence, and the angle at which light bounces off a reflecting surface is called the angle of reflection If you want to measure these angles, imagine a perfectly straight line at a right angle to the reflective surface (this imaginary line is called ‘normal’). If you measur...

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   The inside curve of a spoon is an example of a concave mirror Concave mirrors are used in certain types of astronomical telescopes called reflecting telescopes. The mirrors condense lots of light from faint sources in space onto a much smaller viewing area and allow the viewer to see far away objects and events in space that would be invisible to t...

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   Convex mirrors curve outwards, like the outside of a balloon. Parallel rays of light strike the mirror and are reflected outwards. If imaginary lines are traced back, they appear to come from a focal point behind the mirror. Convex mirrors are useful for shop security and rear-view mirrors on vehicles because they give a wider field of vision.

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   Some light is scattered in all directions when it hits very small particles such as gas molecules or much larger particles such as dust or droplets of water. The amount of scattering depends on how big the particle is compared to the wavelength of light that is hitting it. Smaller wavelengths are scattered more. “Why is the sky blue?” is a common q...

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8. Videos

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9. royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower ...

   royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10

   May 11, 2016 · Flower coloration is due to the combined effect of wavelength-selective absorption by pigments and light scattering by the petal interior [11–14]. The reflected light in the wavelength ranges complementary to the pigment's absorption band determines the flower's hue and saturation.

   • Author: Casper J. van der Kooi, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Marten Staal, Doekele G. Stavenga

   • Publish Year: 2016

10. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesFunctional significance of the optical properties of flowers ...

    www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

    Jul 4, 2018 · Apart from pigments that selectively absorb light at specific wavelength ranges, three main characteristics determine a flower’s reflectance: the refractive index difference between floral structures, the flower’s interior inhomogeneity and the flower’s thickness.

11. link.springer.com › article › 10Relationship between the velvet-like texture of flower petals ...

    link.springer.com › article › 10

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    Apr 26, 2015 · One is exterior reflected light (ERL), which is reflected from the surface and seen as sparkling spots at the centres of the epidermal cells. The colour of ERL is similar to that of the light source.