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- All types of pathogen have a simple life cycle. They infect a host, reproduce themselves or replicate if it is a virus, spread from their host and infect other organisms They also all have structural adaptations that make them successful at completing their life cycles, which enable them to cause further disease.
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How do animal and plant diseases affect society?
Why are plant diseases important?
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Jul 7, 2011 · As this review illustrates, animal and plant diseases impact upon society in many ways, including through changing landscapes and land use, issues of food security and safety, concerns over animal welfare and ethical food production, and the use of pesticides and GMOs.
- Learning From History, Predicting The Future
Overwhelmingly, the main risk drivers are the expanding...
- The Changing Role of Veterinary Expertise in The Food Chain
Vets in private practice also contribute to the surveillance...
- A Historical Synopsis of Farm Animal Disease and Public Policy in Twentieth Century Britain
The respiratory and gastro-intestinal diseases of intensive...
- Integrating Natural and Social Science Perspectives on Plant Disease Risk, Management and Policy Formulation
1. Impacts of plant disease and approaches to mitigation....
- An Interdisciplinary Framework for Analysis
1. Introduction. This paper examines uncertainties...
- Endemic Cattle Diseases
Purchase of animals is a demographic process modelled in our...
- The Case of Lyme Disease and Countryside Users
Zoonotic diseases present particular hazards to health and...
- How to Make Predictions About Future Infectious Disease Risks
The focus here is mainly on infectious diseases of humans...
- Learning From History, Predicting The Future
Revise the types and causes of diseases in animals and plants. Find out how the immune system defends the body against disease.
Pathogens are disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi or protists which attack plants as well as animals. Plants have physical and chemical defences against pathogens.
Dec 18, 2019 · Key gaps include understanding the true value of plants and trees to society; the impacts of multiple pests and diseases on individual plant species and the wider environment; and providing evidence for improved methods of prevention, detection, and control of pests and diseases.
- Nicola Spence, Louise Hill, Jake Morris
- 27
- 2020
- 18 December 2019
- Overview
- Nature and importance of plant diseases
plant disease, an impairment of the normal state of a plant that interrupts or modifies its vital functions. All species of plants, wild and cultivated alike, are subject to disease. Although each species is susceptible to characteristic diseases, these are, in each case, relatively few in number. The occurrence and prevalence of plant diseases var...
Plant diseases are known from times preceding the earliest writings. Fossil evidence indicates that plants were affected by disease 250 million years ago. The Bible and other early writings mention diseases, such as rusts, mildews, and blights, that have caused famine and other drastic changes in the economy of nations since the dawn of recorded history. Other plant disease outbreaks with similar far-reaching effects in more recent times include late blight of potato in Ireland (1845–60); powdery and downy mildews of grape in France (1851 and 1878); coffee rust in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka; starting in the 1870s); Fusarium wilts of cotton and flax; southern bacterial wilt of tobacco (early 1900s); Sigatoka leaf spot and Panama disease of banana in Central America (1900–65); black stem rust of wheat (1916, 1935, 1953–54); southern corn leaf blight (1970) in the United States; Panama disease of banana in Asia, Australia, and Africa (1990 to present); and coffee rust in Central and South America (1960, 2012 to present). Such losses from plant diseases can have a significant economic impact, causing a reduction in income for crop producers and distributors and higher prices for consumers.
Loss of crops from plant diseases may also result in hunger and starvation, especially in less-developed countries where access to disease-control methods is limited and annual losses of 30 to 50 percent are not uncommon for major crops. In some years, losses are much greater, producing catastrophic results for those who depend on the crop for food. Major disease outbreaks among food crops have led to famines and mass migrations throughout history. The devastating outbreak of late blight of potato (caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans) that began in Europe in 1845 brought about the Great Famine that caused starvation, death, and mass migration of the Irish. Of Ireland’s population of more than eight million, approximately one million (about 12.5 percent) died of starvation or famine-related illness, and 1.5 million (almost 19 percent) emigrated, mostly to the United States, as refugees from the destructive blight. This water mold thus had a tremendous influence on economic, political, and cultural development in Europe and the United States. During World War I, late blight damage to the potato crop in Germany may have helped end the war.
May 25, 2020 · This review summarizes existing data on the causes and pathogenetic mechanisms of infectious plant diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi that affect major agricultural crops, including cereals, vegetables, and industrial crops.
Jun 3, 2015 · Human health and well-being are influenced by the health of local plant and animal communities, and the integrity of the local ecosystems that they form. Infectious diseases cause over one billion human infections per year, with millions of deaths each year globally.
