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that those interested in shorthand as an art and a science will find them helpful in tracing the process of the evolution of the art of shorthand toward principles that are logical and natural to the mind and characters and movements that are natural to the hand.
- Preface
- Longhand as a Basis of Shorthand
- The Fundamental Difference
- Short-Writing or Short-Drawing?
- The Logical Deduction
- The Benefits Admitted
- A Convincing Demonstration
- Put Into Figures
- All Natural Writing Elliptical
- Other Longhand Features
- In longhand writing all the letters, vowels, and consonants are joined.
- Process of Evolution
- Shorthand for Personal Use
- The Predominance of Curve Motion
- The Combination Principle
- An Unusual Review
- Blended Consonants
- A System Discussion
- The Execrated Obtuse Angles
- ` Too frequent obtuse angles between stems—a very great impediment to speed,
- An Insoluble Problem
- The Solution Discovered
- The “Blends”
- As a Matter of Record
- The Evils of Shading
- An Obstacle to Speed
- Correct Shading Essential
- Shading Used for Many Purposes
- Shading Denounced by Those Who Use It
- Shading Always Detrimental
- The Evolution of Shading
- The Origin of “Shading”
- Retrograde Step
- Phonetic Pairing Very Old
- Evil Effects of “Shading”
- Alternatives Responsible for “Breakdowns”
- “Facing Facts”
- Alternative Forms a Hindrance
- Another Evil of Shading
- Incessant Changes Due to Shading
- Other Evils Follow
- “Waste of Material”
- “Multiplication by Subtraction”
- “To Shade or Not to Shade”
- Shorthand Systems the Product of Youth
- The Question of Shading
- All Script Systems Not Light Line
- How Shading Affects Lineality
- Shading an Arbitrary Expedient
- The Halving Expedient Discussed
- Is the Halving Expedient Logical?
- Variable Lengths
- Joined Vowels
- Importance of Vowels
- The Correct Theory Triumphs Eventually
- Points of Similarity
- A Desideratum Accomplished
- Mental Independence Necessary
- Evolution of Joined Vowels
- All Honor To France
- The Noble Work of M. de Prépéan
C by a new invention an American almost invariably asks: “Will it work?” Until satisfied on that point, he is seldom interested in the mechanical principles on which the inven-tion is constructed. But when the invention has been demonstrated to be a real advance, he wants to take the motor apart to see how it works. This will explain why...
` I am persuaded that the true progress of shorthand—the real solution of the difficulties surrounding it—is to be found in an attentive study of our ordinary longhand writing. a —T A, in History of Shorthand () I reading some of the letters which were received while I was on a trip to Australia, I found a very interesting paragra...
The fundamental difference between geometric shorthand and Gregg Shorthand is this: Geo-metric shorthand is based on the circle and its segments; Gregg is based on the ellipse, or oval. As geometric shorthand is based on the circle, its characters are supposed to be drawn with geometric precision, and are struck in all directions. The characters, ...
Geometric shorthand has been described as a rapid drawing of characters, while Gregg Shorthand has been described as a rapid writing. That the affinity of geometric shorthand to drawing is fully recognized by the advocates of that style will be clear from the following quota-tions. Isaac Pitman, in the seventh edition of his Manual said: ` The...
If what these eminent authors and reporters say is true—and what advocate of Pitman Short-hand will challenge their statements?—then the student or writer of a system founded on long-hand, requiring the same position of hand and fingers, and the same movements as longhand, starts on the study with a tremendous initial advantage over the student or ...
If it be true that the movements and characters used for longhand writing have been adopted because they are easy and natural to the hand, we believe that it does not require argument to prove that the same easy, natural movements and characters are the logical basis of a briefer style of writing. Indeed, nearly all authors and expert writers of g...
In a paper on “The True Theory of Shorthand,” read before the Shorthand Society, London, Mr. Thomas Anderson, author of the “History of Shorthand,” stated the absurdity of zigzag writ-ing very effectively: ` I am not now raising the question whether writing on the slope from right to left, or writing perpendicularly, or nearly so, or, again, writin...
In an article on “The ‘One Slope’ Theory in Shorthand,” Mr. G. C. Mares stated the practical advantages obtained from uniformity of slope in a very convincing way: ` It will be evident to the vast majority of shorthand writers that in Pitman Shorthand many words can be written much faster than others, even though the number of pen strokes and ineff...
It has been said that it is impossible for the human hand to make a perfect circle in rapid writ-ing. On the other hand, elliptic figures are natural and easy to the hand; indeed, the making of an ellipse or oval is one of the first exercises given a child in learning ordinary writing. As a writer on the subject has said: ` No alphabet on the rad...
In longhand writing there is no compulsory shading or thickening of the characters. Prior to the appearance of Gregg Shorthand nearly all the systems claiming to be “founded on longhand” had shading or thickening of the characters. Some, indeed, had shaded upward char-acters, and shaded horizontal characters—even shaded small circles and shaded ho...
But some of the systems claiming to be “founded on longhand” (notably “Sonography,” by Rev. D. S. Davies, and “English Script Shorthand,” by John Westby-Gibson) expressed the vowels by disjoined signs after the consonantal skeleton of the word was completed. There are other features in many of the systems said to be “based on longhand” prior to the...
should be sorry if you gained the impression from what I have said that I am attempting to disparage previous endeavors at the construction of a system on natural lines. This is not the case. am simply explaining certain fundamental differences between the structure of our system and the systems that preceded it. The following quotation from the...
Speaking ofhand one would say that the mental attitude which induces such a large percent-age of writers of our system to use shorthand more freely and confidently as a personal time-saving instrument, as compared with the small percentage of writers of the older systems who do so, is due to the greater legibility of our system on account of the in...
` Curves, the prevailing element of ordinary penmanship, being more facile than straight lines, the author has, so far as is compatible with a well-balanced al-phabet, assigned to them the representation of the most frequently recurring con-sonants. In addition to this, the straight characters have been so arranged that the most frequently recurri...
Those who have read the “Story of Gregg Shorthand” as told at the Silver Jubilee meetings (and afterwards published in pamphlet form) will remember the emphasis placed upon the dis-covery of the combination principle, as distinguished from the assignment of characters to the letters in accordance with their individual values. The successful workin...
About a year after the publication of “Light-Line Phonography” a review of it appeared in a newspaper in South Africa—the Cape Argus, Cape Town. I do not know who wrote the article, but in the thirty years that have passed since then I have not seen a more satisfactory or penetrating review of the system. The following sentences from it have a dir...
` Combination is the essence of invention. a —Thomas Edison ` Obtuse angles are especially objectionable, and should be avoided so far as possible. a —David P. Lindsley ` It would be madness and inconsistency to suppose that things which have never yet been performed can be performed without employing some hitherto un-tried means. a —Lord Bacon...
The origin of the blending principle is a rather interesting illustration of how a valuable prin-ciple may be developed from a mere passing suggestion. In discussing an earlier effort at short-hand construction with Mr. William Pettigrew (a well-known Glasgow man who had been prominent in the advancement of Pitman’s Phonography in its early days) ...
I am sure that Mr. Pettigrew would have read with delight and hearty approval the following passages which I found some time ago in the preface to Munson’s “Shorthand Dictionary” writ-ten by the author of one of the most popular textbooks on Pitmanic shorthand in the United States: ` We often see theorizing authors of shorthand works demonstrating ...
as may be readily demonstrated by tracing with exactness, but as quickly as possi-ble, a line like the first of the following diagrams, and then in like manner, one like the second. a (Mr. Munson then gives two lines of outlines, one with sharp, and the other with obtuse an-gles.) He adds: ` It will be seen that the outline with obtuse or blunt an...
After I left Mr. Pettigrew I could not get his argument about the obtuse angles out of my mind. A little later, when the combination and curvilineal principles became fixed tenets in my shorthand creed, Mr. Pettigrew’s denunciation of the obtuse angles seemed to intrude itself in every experiment. When I was happy over some arrangement of the cha...
Then, one day came this thought: if lines which join with an obtuse angle take on the appear-ance of large curves when the angle is obscured in rapid writing, why is it not possible to contrive combinations with that end in view? Why not arrange the horizontal and upward lines so that when they blend in the form of curves these curves shall repres...
In presenting the “Blended Consonants” in the first editions they were arranged in two groups: () The combinations pr, pl, br, bl, kr, kl, gr, gl, ted, ded, ses, all of which com-bine without an angle. (Fr, fl, vr, vl, were added later). () The combinations in which the obtuse angle was eliminated through the “natural tendency of the hand to all...
An attempt has been made to show that the blending principle was not original with “Light-Line Phonography.” This is highly complimentary, because it shows that the great value of the elimination of the obtuse angle, and the resulting combinations (one is tempted to say, “thus kill-ing two birds with one stone”) is fully recognized even by those o...
` It has finally become the experience of the most expert shorthand writers that outlines which depend upon shading for their legibility are in general unsafe out-lines to adopt. a —George H. Thornton I does not seem necessary to argue that it takes longer to write a heavy stroke than a light one. The fact is so obvious that I was inclined to d...
To be consistent with the plan of the series of articles, I am going to incorporate a few quota-tions. The first one is from a book published by Isaac Pitman & Sons, called “Phonography in the Office.” The author, Mr. Kingston, deplores a “too heavy style of shorthand,” as “the increased friction from the resistance of the paper makes it a seriou...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
With these preliminary remarks, I present Monsieur Martin’s very interesting story of Conen de Prépéan: ` Conen de Prépéan published several systems, some of which are still in use in the French Parliament; his alphabets were widely different from one another. Well, his systems are nigh forgotten, but his ideas and principles survived this un-fort...
edition of this very book (1996), whose carefully selected critical terms in the history of art excluded not only “style” but also its key cognates—“form,” “connoisseurship,” even that interesting and frequent entailment of stylistic art-historical analysis, “the artist.” And yet, to change my (male) metaphor from monarchy to
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