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- The ball of now tightly bound cells starts to secrete fluid and organize themselves around a fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel. At this developmental stage, the conceptus is referred to as a blastocyst. Within this structure, a group of cells forms into an inner cell mass, which is fated to become the embryo.
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The germinal stage lasts a total of eight to nine days. It begins in a Fallopian tube when an ovum is fertilized by a sperm to form a zygote (day 0). The germinal stage continues as the zygote undergoes several initial cell divisions to form a solid ball of cells called a morula (days 3-4).
- 6.2: The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase and the...
- 6.2: The Cell Cycle
Dec 23, 2021 · The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase and the mitotic phase (Figure 6.2.1 6.2. 1). During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. During the mitotic phase, the replicated DNA and cytoplasmic contents are separated and the cell divides.
- Overview
- Introduction
- Stages of the cell cycle
- Interphase
- M phase
- Cell cycle exit and G0
- How long does the cell cycle take?
The cell cycle is composed of interphase (G₁, S, and G₂ phases), followed by the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), and G₀ phase.
Have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly? If so, you’re probably familiar with the idea of a life cycle. Butterflies go through some fairly spectacular life cycle transitions—turning from something that looks like a worm into a pupa, and finally into a glorious creature that floats on the breeze. Other organisms, from humans to plants to bacteria, also have a life cycle: a series of developmental steps that an individual goes through from the time it is born until the time it reproduces.
The cell cycle can be thought of as the life cycle of a cell. In other words, it is the series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its “birth”—formation by the division of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new daughter cells.
To divide, a cell must complete several important tasks: it must grow, copy its genetic material (DNA), and physically split into two daughter cells. Cells perform these tasks in an organized, predictable series of steps that make up the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a cycle, rather than a linear pathway, because at the end of each go-round, the two daughter cells can start the exact same process over again from the beginning.
In eukaryotic cells, or cells with a nucleus, the stages of the cell cycle are divided into two major phases: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase.
•During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA.
•During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell separates its DNA into two sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two new cells.
Let’s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms, by division of its mother cell. What must this newborn cell do next if it wants to go on and divide itself? Preparation for division happens in three steps:
•G1 phase. During G1 phase, also called the first gap phase, the cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need in later steps.
[Do cells always grow before they divide?]
•S phase. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M phase.
•G2 phase. During the second gap phase, or G2 phase, the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis begins.
The G1 , S, and G2 phases together are known as interphase. The prefix inter- means between, reflecting that interphase takes place between one mitotic (M) phase and the next.
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.
In mitosis, the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure made out of microtubules. Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes divided into early prophase and prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. You can learn more about these stages in the video on mitosis.
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells. Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending, with a little overlap. Importantly, cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant cells.
•In animals, cell division occurs when a band of cytoskeletal fibers called the contractile ring contracts inward and pinches the cell in two, a process called contractile cytokinesis. The indentation produced as the ring contracts inward is called the cleavage furrow. Animal cells can be pinched in two because they’re relatively soft and squishy.
What happens to the two daughter cells produced in one round of the cell cycle? This depends on what type of cells they are. Some types of cells divide rapidly, and in these cases, the daughter cells may immediately undergo another round of cell division. For instance, many cell types in an early embryo divide rapidly, and so do cells in a tumor.
Other types of cells divide slowly or not at all. These cells may exit the G1 phase and enter a resting state called G0 phase. In G0 , a cell is not actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job. For instance, it might conduct signals as a neuron (like the one in the drawing below) or store carbohydrates as a liver cell. G0 is a permanent state for some cells, while others may re-start division if they get the right signals.
Different cells take different lengths of time to complete the cell cycle. A typical human cell might take about 24 hours to divide, but fast-cycling mammalian cells, like the ones that line the intestine, can complete a cycle every 9-10 hours when they're grown in culture1,2 .
Different types of cells also split their time between cell cycle phases in different ways. In early frog embryos, for example, cells spend almost no time in G1 and G2 and instead rapidly cycle between S and M phases—resulting in the division of one big cell, the zygote, into many smaller cells2,3 . Click here to see a cool, sped-up video of dividing frog embryos.
Aug 8, 2023 · Overview of the Cell Cycle Phases. The two broad phases of the cell cycle are interphase and mitosis. During interphase, cells grow, replicate their DNA and organelles, and prepare for division. Interphase steps are the first gap phase (G 1), the synthesis phase (S), and the second gap phase (G 2). Cells divide during mitosis (M).
Feb 2, 2023 · Cell Cycle Diagram. Phases of the Cell Cycle. As mentioned, the cell goes through a series of events in a specific order to divide. It all starts with the parent cell growing in size and then making a copy of its genetic material. Finally, they split to produce two daughter cells.
Because germ cell condensates are well studied, diverse, and cell-type specific, they serve as excellent model systems for studying phase separation in the context of development. We examine how germ cell condensates assemble, disassemble, and change properties in response to developmental cues.
May 30, 2017 · The cell cycle is a cycle of stages that cells pass through to allow them to divide and produce new cells. It is sometimes referred to as the “cell division cycle” for that reason.
