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     • Extreme events can be a major driver of evolutionary change over geological and contemporary timescales. Outstanding examples are evolutionary diversification following mass extinctions caused by extreme volcanism or asteroid impact.
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     Evolution caused by extreme events | Philosophical ...

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   Why is it important to understand processes that limit species' ranges?

   • Understanding processes that limit species' ranges has been a core issue in ecology and evolutionary biology for many decades, and has become increasingly important given the need to predict the responses of biological communities to rapid environmental change.

   Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how does

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   Do metapopulations have an evolutionary ecology?

   • Studies of trait evolution, demography, and environmental variation in metapopulations, which inherently embrace a range of spatial and temporal scales, are well suited to investigate the evolutionary ecology of species’ persistence.

   Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how does

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   How do evolutionary geneticists study fitness?

   • Evolutionary geneticists are currently pursuing several empirical approaches to the study of fitness, including direct fitness assays, microbial experimental evolution and the use of DNA sequence data to infer a history of positive natural selection.

   Fitness and its role in evolutionary genetics - Nature

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   Can range limits predict evolutionary responses at ecological margins?

   • However, despite some impressively detailed studies on range limits, particularly in invertebrates and plants, few generalizations have emerged that can predict evolutionary responses at ecological margins.

   Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how does

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   How do environmental changes affect evolutionary limits?

   • The interaction between environmental changes with processes that affect hard and soft evolutionary limits and their impact on species' ranges. Environmental conditions at margins can change through different components which influence population dynamics and/or determine whether hard limits are exceeded.

   Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how does

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   Does overcoming a hard evolutionary limit make it harder?

   • Overcoming one hard evolutionary limit may make overcoming a different one harder, confining species that do so to narrower evolutionary trajectories than their parent species (creating adaptive radiations into high levels of specialization, as often observed on oceanic islands; see figure 2 e,f).

   Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how does

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3. royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10Understanding the biology of species' ranges: when and how ...

   royalsocietypublishing.org › doi › 10

   Feb 21, 2022 · Understanding processes that limit species' ranges has been a core issue in ecology and evolutionary biology for many decades, and has become increasingly important given the need to predict the responses of biological communities to rapid environmental change.

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     ecology, evolution Keywords: species’ borders, range limits,...

   • Geographic Range Size and Evolutionary Age in Birds

     The seed mass–distribution range trade‐off hypothesis,...

4. evolution.berkeley.edu › evolution-at-differentEvolution at different scales: micro to macro

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   These two extremes represent classic examples of micro- and macroevolution. Microevolution happens on a small scale (within a single population), while macroevolution happens on a scale that transcends the boundaries of a single species.

5. bio.libretexts.org › Bookshelves › Introductory_and18.1: Evolution and Adaptation - Biology LibreTexts

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   May 15, 2022 · The book contained two major arguments: First, Darwin presented a wealth of evidence of evolution. He said that all living things on earth today are the descendants - with modifications - of earlier species. Second, he proposed a mechanism - natural selection - to explain how evolution takes place.

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7. link.springer.com › chapter › 10Basic Concepts of Evolutionary Biology | SpringerLink

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   Jul 20, 2023 · This chapter describes the basic concepts used in evolutionary biology. Firstly, the definition of evolution is provided; afterwards, I describe what fitness is and how we can measure it. Evolutionary tradeoffs are briefly described as well.

8. www.nature.com › scitable › knowledgeAllometry: The Study of Biological Scaling | Learn Science at ...

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   Allometry is the study of how these processes scale with body size and with each other, and the impact this has on ecology and evolution.

9. www.nature.com › articles › nrg2603Fitness and its role in evolutionary genetics | Nature ...

   www.nature.com › articles › nrg2603

   Evolutionary geneticists are currently pursuing several empirical approaches to the study of fitness, including direct fitness assays, microbial experimental evolution and the use of DNA...

10. www.nature.com › scitable › knowledgeEvolution | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature

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    Evolution is a process that results in changes in the genetic content of a population over time. There are two general classes of evolutionary change: microevolution and macroevolution.