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What Is Emotion Regulation? ER researchers seek to identify the different ways that individuals engage in ER and determine which ER strategies are most effective (successful at achieving an ER goal) and adaptive (associated with better long-term mental and physical health outcomes).
Emotion regulation (ER) refers to attempts to influence emotions in ourselves or others. Over the past several decades, ER has become a popular topic across many subdisciplines within psychology.
- Broad Affect. Broad affect refers to the ability of someone to experience the typical range of affective states, from happiness and bliss to sadness, melancholy, and temporary depression (Videbeck, 2019).
- Restricted Affect. Restricted affect, also known as constricted affect, is when an individual experiences a reduced range of emotional expression, often finding it difficult to reach emotional expression on the extreme ends of negative and positive affect.
- Blunted Affect. Blunted affect implies a significant reduction in the intensity of affective responses (Kaufmann et al., 2020). When a person has blunted affect, emotional reactions become less noticeable.
- Flat Affect. Flat affect refers to a sitaution where an individual does not show any significant signs of emotional response at all, positive or negative.
Emotion regulation (ER) refers to attempts to influence emotions in ourselves or others. Over the past several decades, ER has become a popular topic across many subdisciplines within psychology.
- What Is Top-Down Processing?
- Why We Use Top-Down Processing
- Influences
- Bayesian Approach
Top-down processing in psychology refers to perception guided by prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations, influencing the interpretation of sensory information. Thus, top-down processing uses the contextual information of things that we already know or have already experienced in combination with our senses to perceive new information. In to...
British psychologist Richard Gregory (1970) proposed that the process of perception is constructive and is dependent upon top-down processing in order to interpret new information. He argued that the use of sensory information alone is an insufficient form of perceptual processing as the majority of information (over 90%) is lost between the time n...
Typos
The human mind does not read every letter individually but rather words collectively. As long as the first and last letters of the word are in the same spot, we can identify the correct word, despite the typo. Goldstein (2018) argues that our ability to make sense of typos and misspellings is another example of top-down processing because we actively apply our previous experiences, knowledge, and expectations to identify misspelled words correctly!
Stroop Effect
The Stroop effect, named after the American psychologist John Ridley Stroop (1935), conveys how interference affects reaction time. For example, imagine that you are given a list of colors, but the word and the color of the words presented on the list do not match. After studying the list of colors, you are asked to say the color of the words on the list but not the color of the word itself. Although this seemed easy at first, Stroop discovered that participants could easily identify the colo...
Visual Illusions
The Necker Cube is a visual illusion of an ambiguous figure created by Louis Albert Necker (1832). The cube maintains perceptual ambiguity through its wireframe design, allowing its viewer to interpret it as having two different front squares: an upper-right square or a lower-left square. According to Gregory, viewers can easily change between the two orientations because the brain has created two separate hypotheses, both having an equal possibility of being true. Because of their equal plau...
By now, it is clear that human perceptiondoes not function in isolation. One cannot rely solely on one’s senses or previous knowledge and experiences to accurately interpret new stimuli. Rather, Kersten et al. (2004) argue that human perception is a combination of using both our senses and previous knowledge and experiences to interpret new stimuli...
Jan 25, 2024 · Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. By. Saul Mcleod, PhD. Updated on. January 25, 2024. Reviewed by. Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc. On This Page: Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood.
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Sep 5, 2023 · The availability heuristic is a type of mental shortcut that involves estimating the probability or risk of something based on how easily examples come to mind. If we can think of many examples, then we assume it happens frequently.
