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  2. On August 31, 1976, Judge Battisti ruled that Cleveland Public Schools and the Ohio State Board of Education had violated plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection of the law by “intentionally fostering and maintaining a segregated school system within the Cleveland public schools.”

  3. Ingraham v. Wright, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 19, 1977, ruled (5–4) that corporal punishment in public schools did not fall within the scope of the “cruel and unusual punishments” clause of the Eighth Amendment and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of procedural due process.

    • Joseph Oluwole
  4. The Court rests its invalidation of the school regulations involved in these cases on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather than on any claim of sexual discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause of that Amendment.

  5. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974), found that overly restrictive maternity leave regulations in public schools violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment.

    • The Supreme Court Rules 'Separate' Means Unequal. Brown v. Board of Education. The landmark case began as five separate class-action lawsuits brought by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on behalf of Black schoolchildren and their families in Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware, Virginia and Washington, D.C.
    • Brown v. Board First to Rule Against Segregation Since Reconstruction Era. The Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board marked a shining moment in the NAACP’s decades-long campaign to combat school segregation.
    • Brown v. Board Does Not Instantly Desegregate Schools. The students for whom the famous Brown v. Board of Education case was brought, with their parents (L-R) Zelma Henderson, Oliver Brown, Sadie Emanuel, Lucinda Todd, and Lena Carper, 1953.
    • The Brown Ruling Becomes a Catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement. Nettie Hunt explaining to her daughter Nickie the meaning of the high court’s ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case on the steps of the U.S. Supreme Court.
  6. May 17, 2019 · It violated the Fourteenth Amendment by interfering “with the personal freedom” of black citizens to move about as they chose. Segregation violated what Harlan saw as the “color-blind” character of the Constitution, which “neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.”

  7. On August 31, 1976, Judge Frank J. Battisti held that the State of Ohio and the Cleveland Public Schools intentionally created and maintained a segregated school system, which violated the 14th Amendment rights of Robert Anthony Reed III and other similarly situated Cleveland schools’ children.