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An example of random error is electronic noise in the circuit of an electrical instrument To reduce random errors: Take at least 3 repeats and calculate a mean , this method also allows anomalies to be identified. Use computers/data loggers/cameras to reduce human error and enable smaller intervals.
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This guide is split into two parts: the main text (with numbered sec-tions) and the appendices (with lettered sections). For the introductory labs (PHY121/122 and PHY133/134), you should know the material from the main text. Sections 2.3 and 2.4 are both optional, but recommended.
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PHYSICS 133 ERROR AND UNCERTAINTY In Physics, like every other experimental science, the numbers we “know” and the ones we measure have always some degree of uncertainty. In reporting the results of an experiment, it is as essential to give the uncertainty, as it is to give the best-measured value.
- Introduction. "To err is human; to describe the error properly is sublime." -- Cliff Swartz, Physics Today 37 (1999), 388. As you may know, most fields in the physical sciences are bifurcated into two branches: theory and experiment.
- Motivation. A lack of understanding of basic error analysis has led some very bright scientists to make some incredible blunders. Here we give only three examples of many.
- Backgammon 101. As mentioned in the previous section, the topic of error analysis requires some knowledge of statistics. Here we begin our very simple study.
- Bell Shaped Curves. "Whenever a large sample of chaotic elements are taken in hand … an unsuspected and most beautiful form of regularity proves to have been latent all along."
Knowing errors and uncertainties is an essential part for ensuring reproducibility. • To know the uncertainties we use two approaches: (1) Repeat each measurement many times and determine how well the result reproduces itself. If the results are different then there are statistical errors.
The quantity N – 1 is called the number of degrees of freedom. In the case of the standard deviation estimate, it is the number of measurements minus one because you used one number from a previous calculation (mean) in order to find the standard deviation. Example 2: Consider the 30 measurements of time in the Table 1. a. What is the ...
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Introduction. Experimental errors are inevitable. In absolutely every scientific measurement there is a degree of uncertainty we usually cannot eliminate. Understanding errors and their implications is the only key to correctly estimate and minimize them.
