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    • Musical pleasure. The enjoyment of music appears to involve the same pleasure center in the brain as other forms of pleasure, such as food, sex, and drugs.
    • Musical anticipation. Music can be experienced as pleasurable both when it fulfills and violates expectations. The more unexpected the events in music, the more surprising is the musical experience (Gebauer & Kringelbach, 2012).
    • Refined emotions. There is also an intellectual component to the appreciation for music. The dopamine systems do not work in isolation, and their influence will be largely dependent on their interaction with other regions of the brain.
    • Memories. Memories are one of the important ways in which musical events evoke emotions. As the late physician Oliver Sacks has noted, musical emotions and musical memory can survive long after other forms of memory have disappeared.
  1. Jan 19, 2016 · A meta-analysis of 400 music studies found that listening to music has the ability to reduce anxiety, fight depression and boost the immune system. Clinical music therapists have even started...

  2. Music (especially music without lyrics) does not have a fixed meaning. It is ambiguous and listeners can (within limits) assign it meanings that they choose. Music (in the form of recordings) is...

  3. This article presents an overview of theories of meaning that have been, and that may be, applicable to investigating music, particularly its cognitive dimensions. Some theories have had more impact on the scientific exploration of music's significance than others, which have been unduly neglected.

  4. Oct 2, 2014 · This chapter explores relationships between music and meaning, and between music and ideas of meaning. It reviews conceptualizations of meaning in general before surveying the ways in which meaning has been attributed to music in the course of Western intellectual history, providing a framework within which the privileging of the notion of the ...

  5. Sep 6, 2013 · The concept of basic emotions. The term basic or discrete emotions occurs frequently in the music psychology field today, typically to refer to certain emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, and fear), but without any deeper consideration of the theoretical basis of the concept.

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  7. For music to acquire meaning, listeners must perceive its structure and organization. Musical meaning can arise from relationships between adjacent and nonadjacent events (formalist meaning) and from the feelings or emotions that these relationships evoke (expressionist meaning; Meyer 1956).

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