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- the quality or state of being watchful (= paying careful attention):
dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/watchfulness
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What is behavioral psychology?
What is behaviorism in psychology?
How do psychologists explain behavior?
What does 'behavior' mean?
What does biological psychology say about behavior?
What does a behavioral psychologist believe?
Aug 1, 2011 · This article addresses a longstanding problem in the field of psychology, that of lacking an adequate explication of what is arguably our central concept as a “science of behavior,” the ...
- Principles of Behaviorism
- Behaviorist Theory
- Applications
- Strengths
The behaviorist movement began in 1913 when John B. Watson wrote an article entitled Psychology as the behaviorist views it, which set out several underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis: One assumption of the learning approach is that all behaviors are learned from the environment. They can be learned through classical...
John B Watson: Methodological Behaviorism
Proposed by John B. Watson, methodological behaviorism focuses solely on observable, measurable behaviors and rejects the study of internal mental processes. Watson argued that thoughts, feelings, and desires cannot be directly observed and, therefore, should not be part of psychological study. Watson proposed that behaviors can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. He argued that all behaviors in animals or humans are learned, and t...
B.F Skinner: Radical Behaviorism
Radical behaviorism was founded by B.F Skinner, who agreed with the assumption of methodological behaviorism that the goal of psychology should be to predict and control behavior. Radical Behaviorism expands upon earlier forms of behaviorism by incorporating internal events such as thoughts, emotions, and feelings as part of the behavioral process. Unlike methodological behaviorism, which asserts that only observable behaviors should be studied, radical behaviorism accepts that these internal...
Bandura: Social Learning
Behaviorism has undergone many transformations since John Watson developed it in the early part of the twentieth century. Social learning theory is a more recent extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the role of plans and expectations in people’s behavior. One more recent extension of this approach has been the development of social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of plans and expectations in people’s behavior. Under social learning theory, people were no longer seen as passive...
Mental health
Behaviorism theorized that abnormal behavior and mental illness stem from faulty learning processes rather than internal conflicts or unconscious forces, as psychoanalysis claimed. Based on behaviorism, behavior therapy aims to replace maladaptive behaviors with more constructive ones through techniques like systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and token economies. Systematic desensitizationhelps phobia patients gradually confront feared objects. The behaviorist approach has been use...
Education
The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is still a need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. If a student associates negative emotional experiences with school, then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia. For example, if a student is bullied at school, they may learn to associate the school with fear. It could al...
Addiction
Cue reactivity is the theory that people associate situations (e.g., meeting with friends)/ places (e.g., pub) with the rewarding effects of nicotine, and these cues can trigger a feeling of craving (Carter & Tiffany, 1999). These factors become smoking-related cues. Prolonged use of nicotine creates an association between these factors and smoking based on classical conditioning. Nicotine is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the pleasure caused by the sudden increase in dopamine levels i...
1. Scientific Methodology
Behaviorism emphasizes observable and measurable behaviors, leading to a more scientific and objective approach to studying psychology. This approach allows for greater objectivity and replicability in psychological research, as behaviors can be quantified and studied systematically. By emphasizing scientific methods, behaviorism has contributed to the development of psychology as a more rigorous and evidence-based discipline.
2. Empirical Support
Behaviorism has experimental support: Pavlov showed that classical conditioning leads to learning by association. Watson and Raynershowed that phobias could be learned through classical conditioning in the “Little Albert” experiment.
3. Parsimony
Behaviorist explanations are often simpler and more straightforward than those of other approaches, as they focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. According to the law of parsimony, the fewer assumptions a theory makes, the better and the more credible it is. Therefore, behaviorism looks for simple explanations of human behavior from a scientific standpoint.
The individual watches for a signal stimulus that may occur at an unknown time. [2] The study of vigilance has expanded since the 1940s mainly due to the increased interaction of people with machines for applications involving monitoring and detection of rare events and weak signals.
Within psychology, the term habit refers to a process whereby contexts prompt action automatically, through activation of mental context–action associations learned through prior performances. Habitual behavior is regulated by an impulsive process, and so can be elicited with minimal cognitive effort, awareness, control, or intention.
Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep–wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance.
- B.S. Oken, M.C. Salinsky, S.M. Elsas
- 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.01.017
- 2006
- 2006/09
What is behavioral psychology? Learn more about this psychological movement, its classic studies, and why its therapeutic influences still matter.
Jan 23, 2023 · It is a state of extreme alertness that undermines the quality of life. If you are hypervigilant, you are always looking for hidden dangers, both real and presumed. Because of this, hypervigilance can leave you exhausted while interfering with interpersonal relationships, work, and your ability to function on a day-to-day basis.
