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  1. Definitions. This work by PMT Education is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Definitions and Concepts for AQA Chemistry A-level. Physical Chemistry I. 1.1: Atomic Structure. Acceleration: Second stage of TOF spectrometry. The positively charged ions are accelerated by an electric field so that they have the same kinetic energy.

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  2. This is the definition of the equilibrium state of a material in the absence of any fields acting on the material, such as gravity. When such fields exist they have to be taken into account in the determination of the equilibrium state.

  3. 1. Introduction. Thermodynamics is the study of how heat moves around in ‘macroscopic’ objects.

  4. There are three types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral. A system is in stable equilibrium if, when displaced from equilibrium, it experiences a net force or torque in a direction …

  5. A system is said to be in stable equilibrium if, when displaced from equilibrium, it experiences a net force or torque in a direction opposite to the direction of the displacement. For example, a marble at the bottom of a bowl will experience a restoring force when displaced from its equilibrium position.

  6. May 20, 2024 · University of Leicester & Faculdade de Ciencias. Table of contents. Thermal Stability. Diffusional Stability. Hydrostatic Stability. Physical Consequences of Stability. Footnotes. On the bench in front of a chemist is a stoppered flask containing a liquid mixture, ethanol + water, at temperature and ambient pressure .

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  8. Jul 26, 2015 · The concept of stability is a central one in science but the term is utilized in two quite different ways. Following the establishment of thermodynamics as a quantitative discipline, the term can be used in an energy/entropy sense. Thus a system of lower enthalpy and/or higher entropy is considered more stable.