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Apr 20, 2020 · When body utilises α-glycero-P-shuttle, net ATP produced by glycolysis—TCA cycle per molecule glucose oxidised will be 36 ATP (2 ATP less) and NOT 38 ATP. Liver, kidney, and heart utilize malate-aspartate shuttle, and yield 3 ATP per mole of NADH.
Glycerol - phosphate shuttle is a shuttle that is used to regenerate NAD+ from NADH. NADH is a byproduct of glycolysis. NADH synthesised in the cytosol by glycolysis is transported to mitochondria to participate in the oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP.
The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH 2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport chain.
The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
The malate-aspartate (M-A) shuttle provides an important mechanism to regulate glycolysis and lactate metabolism in the heart by transferring reducing equivalents from cytosol into mitochondria.
Feb 2, 2023 · Cells with a shuttle system to transfer electrons to the transport chain via FADH 2 are found to produce 3 ATP from 2 NADH. In others, the delivery of electrons is done through NADH, where they produce 5 ATP molecules.
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Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. “Lactate shuttle” (LS) concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signaling.
