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Plants absorb water from the soil by osmosis. They absorb mineral ions by active transport, against the concentration gradient. Root hair cells close root hair cell A specialised cell that ...
Movement in the Phloem. Although translocation could refer to the transport of substances in the xylem and phloem, as it means ‘moving from one place to another,’ it is more commonly connected with the transport of assimilates in the phloem tissue. Thus translocation within phloem tissue can be defined as the transport of assimilates from ...
- Overview
- Types of roots and root systems
- Morphology and growth
root, in botany, that part of a vascular plant normally underground. Its primary functions are anchorage of the plant, absorption of water and dissolved minerals and conduction of these to the stem, and storage of reserve foods. The root differs from the stem mainly by lacking leaf scars and buds, having a root cap, and having branches that origina...
The primary root, or radicle, is the first organ to appear when a seed germinates. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the seedling. In gymnosperms and dicotyledons (angiosperms with two seed leaves), the radicle becomes a taproot. It grows downward, and secondary roots grow laterally from it to form a taproot system. In some plants, such as carrots and turnips, the taproot also serves as food storage.
Grasses and other monocotyledons (angiosperms with a single seed leaf) have a fibrous root system, characterized by a mass of roots of about equal diameter. This network of roots does not arise as branches of the primary root but consists of many branching roots that emerge from the base of the stem.
Some roots, called adventitious roots, arise from an organ other than the root—usually a stem, sometimes a leaf. They are especially numerous on underground stems, such as rhizomes, corms, and tubers, and make it possible to vegetatively propagate many plants from stem or leaf cuttings. Certain adventitious roots, known as aerial roots, either pass for some distance through the air before reaching the soil or remain hanging in the air. Some of these, such as those seen in corn (maize), screw pine, and banyan, eventually assist in supporting the plant in the soil. In many epiphytic plants, such as various orchids and Tillandsia species, aerial roots are the primary means of attachment to non-soil surfaces such as other plants and rocks.
A number of other specialized roots exist among vascular plants. Pneumatophores, commonly found in mangrove species that grow in saline mud flats, are lateral roots that grow upward out of the mud and water to function as the site of oxygen intake for the submerged primary root system. The roots of certain parasitic plants are highly modified into haustoria, which embed into the vascular system of the host plant to feed the parasite. The nodular roots of many members of the pea family (Fabaceae) host symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and many plant roots also form intricate associations with mycorrhizal soil fungi; a number of non-photosynthetic mycoheterotrophic plants, such as Indian pipe, rely exclusively on these fungi for nutrition.
Roots grow in length only from their ends. The very tip of the root is covered by a thimble-shaped root cap, which serves to protect the growing tip as it makes its way through the soil. Just behind the root cap lies the apical meristem, a tissue of actively dividing cells. Some of the cells produced by the apical meristem are added to the root cap, but most of them are added to the region of elongation, which lies just above the meristematic region. It is in the region of elongation that growth in length occurs. Above this elongation zone lies the region of maturation, where the primary tissues of the root mature, completing the process of cell differentiation that actually begins in the upper portion of the meristematic region.
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The primary tissues of the root are, from outermost to innermost, the epidermis, the cortex, and the vascular cylinder. The epidermis is composed of thin-walled cells and is usually only one cell layer thick. The absorption of water and dissolved minerals occurs through the epidermis, a process greatly enhanced in most land plants by the presence of root hairs—slender, tubular extensions of the epidermal cell wall that are found only in the region of maturation. The absorption of water is chiefly via osmosis, which occurs because (1) water is present in higher concentrations in the soil than within the epidermal cells (where it contains salts, sugars, and other dissolved organic products) and (2) the membrane of the epidermal cells is permeable to water but not to many of the substances dissolved in the internal fluid. These conditions create an osmotic gradient, whereby water flows into the epidermal cells. This flow exerts a force, called root pressure, that helps drive the water through the roots. Root pressure is partially responsible for the rise of water in plants, but it cannot alone account for the transport of water to the top of tall trees.
The cortex conducts water and dissolved minerals across the root from the epidermis to the vascular cylinder, whence it is transported to the rest of the plant. The cortex also stores food transported downward from the leaves through the vascular tissues. The innermost layer of the cortex usually consists of a tightly packed layer of cells, called the endodermis, which regulates the flow of materials between the cortex and the vascular tissues.
The vascular cylinder is interior to the endodermis and is surrounded by the pericycle, a layer of cells that gives rise to branch roots. The conductive tissues of the vascular cylinder are usually arranged in a star-shaped pattern. The xylem tissue, which carries water and dissolved minerals, comprises the core of the star; the phloem tissue, which carries food, is located in small groups between the points of the star.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Roots. Plants have specialized organs that help them survive and reproduce in a great diversity of habitats. Major organs of most plants include roots, stems, and leaves. Roots are important organs in all vascular plants. Most vascular plants have two types of roots: primary roots that grow downward and secondary roots that branch out to the side.
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.It is intended as introductory material for novices; for more specific and technical definitions from sub-disciplines and related fields, see Glossary of cell biology, Glossary of genetics, Glossary of evolutionary biology, Glossary of ecology ...
osmosis The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration. is the. diffusion. The ...
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The meaning of ROOT is the usually underground part of a seed plant body that originates usually from the hypocotyl, functions as an organ of absorption, aeration, and food storage or as a means of anchorage and support, and differs from a stem especially in lacking nodes, buds, and leaves.
