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Breadth of optimal environments, and the range of environments between critical limits vary depending on physiological adaptation and energetics. Critical limits may serve to define species...
- Phytoremediation
Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular...
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Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, 280-287 (2003). Limpens...
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Aug 15, 2023 · Beyond the zones of stress, are zones of intolerance, which represent conditions the species cannot tolerate and in which it will not be found. Each and every species is able to exist and reproduce successfully only within a definite range of environmental conditions.
Reinforcement is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation (further divided to pre-zygotic isolation and post-zygotic isolation) between two populations of species. This occurs as a result of selection acting against the production of hybrid individuals of low fitness.
An area where two closely related species continue to interact and reproduce, forming hybrids, is called a hybrid zone. Over time, the hybrid zone may change depending on the fitness of the hybrids and the reproductive barriers (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).
Describe pathways of species evolution in hybrid zones. Explain the two major theories on rates of speciation. Speciation occurs over a span of evolutionary time, so when a new species arises, there is a transition period during which the closely related species continue to interact.
The ecological tolerances of species (or other reproductive units) are represented by multivariate response functions. These describe the dependence of the long-term growth rate of unregulated populations on the regulating and modifying environmental variables affecting them.
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Within the ocean, coral reefs are a second type of marine biome. Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine biome. The ocean is categorized by several zones (Figure 20.28). All of the ocean’s open water is referred to as the pelagic realm (or zone).
