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  1. It is the lack of power that is the predominant characteristic of a minority, or subordinate group. Summary. Race is fundamentally a social construct. Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture and national origin. Minority groups are defined by their lack of power.

    • Dictionary Definition of Racism
    • Sociological Definition of Racism
    • Discrimination Today
    • Internalized Racism and Horizontal Racism
    • Reverse Racism
    • Sources

    Let’s start by examining the most basic definition of racism—the dictionary meaning. According to the American Heritage College Dictionary, racism has two meanings. This resource first defines racism as, “The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others” and secondly as, “D...

    The sociological definition of racism is much more complex. In sociology, racism is defined as an ideology that prescribes statuses to racial groups based on perceived differences. Though races are not inherently unequal, racism forces this narrative. Genetics and biology do not support or even suggest racial inequality, contrary to what many peopl...

    Racism persists in modern society, often taking the form of discrimination. Case in point: Black unemploymenthas consistently soared above White unemployment for decades. Why? Numerous studies indicate that racism advantaging White people at the expense of Black people contributes to unemployment gaps between races. For example, in 2003, researcher...

    Internalized racism is not always or even usually seen as a person from a racial group in power believing subconsciously that they are better than people of other races. It can often be seen as a person from a marginalized group believing, perhaps unconsciously, that White people are superior. A highly publicized example of this is a 1940 study dev...

    “Reverse racism” refers to supposed anti-White discrimination. This term is often used in conjunction with practices designed to help people of color, such as affirmative action. To be clear, reverse racism does not exist. It’s also worth noting that in response to living in a racially stratified society, Black people sometimes complain about White...

    Bertrand, Marianne, and Sendhil Mullainathan. "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination." American Economic Review, vol. 94, no....
    Clair, Matthew, and Jeffrey S. Denis. "Sociology of Racism." The International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015, pp. 857–863, doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.32122-5
    Pyke, Karen D. "What Is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don't We Study It? Acknowledging Racism's Hidden Injuries." Sociological Perspectives, vol. 53, no. 4, Dec. 2010, pp. 551–572, doi:10....
    • Nadra Kareem Nittle
  2. While many students first entering a sociology classroom are accustomed to conflating the terms “race,” “ethnicity,” and “minority group,” these three terms have distinct meanings for sociologists.

  3. According to Cooley, primary groups play the most critical role in our lives. The primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally engage face-to-face in long-term emotional ways. This group serves emotional needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic ones.

  4. The sociology of racism is the study of the relationship between racism, racial discrimination, and racial inequality. While past scholarship emphasized overtly racist attitudes and policies, contemporary sociology considers racism as individual- and group-level processes and structures

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  5. While many students first entering a sociology classroom are accustomed to conflating, or using interchangeably, the terms “race,” “ethnicity,” and “minority group,” these three terms have distinct meanings for sociologists.

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  7. Sep 21, 2017 · Chapter 24 - The Sociology of Race and Ethnic Relations from Part VI - Social Inequality and Diversity Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 September 2017

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