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Mar 2, 2012 · Traditionally, the federal government restricted communication about basic science research only through classification. However, CUI restrictions have become more common, and no court has directly addressed their constitutionality.
- John D. Kraemer, John D. Kraemer, Lawrence O. Gostin
- 2012
- Separate Copies in The Eighteenth Century
- Separate Copies in The Nineteenth Century
- No Longer Just For Private Circulation…
- What About The Proceedings?
- In The Twentieth Century
‘Separate copies’ of papers originated as private arrangements between the author and the printer, with the author paying the cost of additional copies. Surviving copies suggest that this practice was in existence for the Philosophical Transactionsat least as early as 1708 (see comment below from Gregory S. Girolami). Such arrangements continued to...
During the nineteenth century, the numbers of separate copies provided, and the ways in which they could be used, were often discussed. In 1802, there was a contretemps between the president, Joseph Banks, and William Nicholson, the editor of Journal of Natural Philosophy about whether it was legitimate to reprint material from the separate copies ...
Until 1875, all the ‘separate copies’ in existence were for the authors’ private use. But in that year, apparently as a result of a suggestion from Charles Darwin to his friend, Joseph D. Hooker (then President of the Royal Society), a small number were made available for commercial sale by a bookseller. It was hoped this would make the articles in...
Separate copies had initially been provided only for Transactions, but in the 1860s, the question was raised of separate copies for the ‘abstracts’ and short papers that appeared in the Proceedings. In 1871, it was agreed that Proceedings authors would be furnished with 50 copies of a paper, and 25 copies of an abstract, free of charge (RS CMP/4, 1...
It is also clear that the theoretical limit of 100 free and 150 paid-for copies could be breached, despite regular reiterations of the rule in early twentieth-century Council meetings. In 1910, for instance, Frederick Mott was granted permission to purchase 500 additional copies of his Transactionspaper on human trypanosomiasis, so that they could ...
An offprint is a separate printing of a work that originally appeared as part of a larger publication, usually one of composite authorship such as an academic journal, magazine, or edited book. [1][2][3] Offprints are used by authors to promote their work and ensure a wider dissemination and longer life than might have been achieved through the ...
Jan 12, 2021 · In this chapter, we address the perennial question of what is citizen science? by asking the related question, why is it challenging to define citizen science? Over the past decade and a half, we have seen the emergence of typologies, definitions, and criteria for qualifying citizen science.
- Mordechai Haklay, Daniel Dörler, Florian Heigl, Marina Manzoni, Susanne Hecker, Susanne Hecker, Katr...
- 2021
Jul 28, 2020 · Oxford Dictionary of ScienceOxFord University PressSixth Edition2010ISBN:9780199561469. Addeddate 2020-07-28 09:25:56 Identifier OxfordDictionary_of_Science
Oct 18, 2010 · Abstract. Government: the office, authority or function of governing. Governing: having control or rule over oneself. Governance: the activity of governing. Accordingly, governance...
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Regulatory science is the science of developing new tools, standards, and approaches to assess the safety, efficacy, quality and performance of all FDA-regulated products. III: Definition by the National Institutes of Health: This definition expands regulatory science to cover all products.
