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   What are thyroid nodules?

   • Nodules are lumps in the thyroid gland. Most are harmless but you should arrange an appointment with your doctor as soon as you find a lump or swelling. Some of the following investigations may be necessary: If investigations are reassuring and the thyroid swelling or lump is not causing any problems then no treatment may be required.

   Thyroid nodules and swellings overview

   www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-nodules-and-swellings-overview

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   Can a benign thyroid nodule be treated?

   • If a benign thyroid nodule remains unchanged, you may never need treatment. Thyroid hormone therapy. If your thyroid function test finds your gland isn't producing enough thyroid hormone, your doctor may recommend thyroid hormone therapy. Surgery.

   Thyroid nodules - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

   www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355266

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   How do you treat a cancerous thyroid nodule?

   • This technique involves injecting a small amount of alcohol in the cancerous thyroid nodule to destroy it. Multiple treatment sessions are often required. Explore Mayo Clinic studies testing new treatments, interventions and tests as a means to prevent, detect, treat or manage this condition.

   Thyroid nodules - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

   www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355266

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   What if a thyroid nodule isn't cancerous?

   • If a thyroid nodule isn't cancerous, treatment options include: Watchful waiting. If a biopsy shows that you have a noncancerous thyroid nodule, your doctor may suggest simply watching your condition. This usually means having a physical exam and thyroid function tests at regular intervals. It may also include an ultrasound.

   Thyroid nodules - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

   www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355266

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   What is the treatment for cancerous nodules?

   • Surgery. A common treatment for cancerous nodules is surgical removal. In the past, it was standard to remove a majority of thyroid tissue — a procedure called near-total thyroidectomy. However, today more limited surgery to remove only half of the thyroid may be appropriate for some cancerous nodules.

   Thyroid nodules - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

   www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355266

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   What causes enlarged thyroid nodules?

   • Chronic inflammation of the thyroid. Hashimoto's disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. Multinodular goiter. The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder.

   Thyroid nodules - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

   www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-nodules/symptoms-causes/syc-20355262

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2. www.btf-thyroid.org › thyroid-nodules-andThyroid nodules and swellings - British Thyroid Foundation

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   If the nodule is ‘hot’ (i.e. it produces too much thyroid hormone) then it can be treated either by drug therapy, radioactive iodine treatment or sometimes surgery.

   • Thyroid nodules and swellings overview

     Investigations. Treatment. Further information. Main causes...

3. www.mayoclinic.org › diseases-conditions › thyroidThyroid nodules - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic

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   Feb 11, 2022 · Treating benign nodules. If a thyroid nodule isn't cancerous, treatment options include: Watchful waiting. If a biopsy shows that you have a noncancerous thyroid nodule, your doctor may suggest simply watching your condition. This usually means having a physical exam and thyroid function tests at regular intervals. It may also include an ...

4. cks.nice.org.uk › management › thyroid-lumpScenario: Thyroid lump | Management | Neck lump - CKS | NICE

   cks.nice.org.uk › management › thyroid-lump

   From age 1 month onwards. Management of a thyroid lump. If a thyroid lump is suspected on examination or on incidental imaging: Arrange emergency hospital admission if there are symptoms of upper airway obstruction, such as stridor. Arrange an urgent referral (for an appointment within 2 weeks) to a thyroid surgeon or endocrinologist if there is:

5. patient.info › doctor › thyroid-lumps-including-goitreThyroid Nodules: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor - Patient

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   • What Are Thyroid Lumps?
   • How Common Are Thyroid Lumps? (Epidemiology)3
   • Risk Factors56
   • Presentation
   • Referral8
   • Differential Diagnosis
   • Diagnosing Thyroid Lumps

   Most thyroid lumps are benign but around 5% are malignant and it is important to distinguish this sinister minority.1 The term goitre refers to enlargement of the thyroid gland. A thyroid nodule may be a lump in an otherwise normal thyroid gland. However, goitres may consist of many nodules (multinodular goitre) and solitary nodules may exist withi...

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   Between 4-7% of adults have palpable thyroid lumps. Many more will be detectable on high-definition ultrasonography. Up to 40% of people having an ultrasound scan on their neck are found to have a...

   Thyroid cancer represents 1% of all malignancies.

   Thyroid nodules are uncommon in children and adolescents (1-1.5% are estimated to have palpable lumps). However, the risk of nodules being cancerous in this population is higher.4

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   Goitres and thyroid lumps are more common in areas of low iodine consumption. This is less likely in countries where iodine is added to table salt.

   Conversely, excessive consumption of iodine (found in seaweed) can cause goitres.

   Malignancy is more common where benign thyroid disease has existed.

   The risk of malignancy in a thyroid nodule is higher under the age of 20 and over the age of 70.3

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   Symptoms

   1. Thyroid lumps are often asymptomatic and are noticed by family members or seen in the mirror. 2. They may sometimes cause pain and rarely present with features of compression of the trachea. 3. Ask about previous radiation.

   Signs

   1. Ask the patient to drink some water and note the thyroid move as she/he swallows. 2. Note enlargement or asymmetry. 3. Stand behind a seated patient and use the second and third fingers of both hands to examine the gland as she/he swallows again. 4. Note lumps, asymmetry, size and tenderness. 5. Check for regional lymphadenopathy.Drahreg01, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

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   Emergency hospital admission

   1. If symptoms of upper airway obstruction, such as stridor.

   Urgent referral

   1. An unexplained thyroid lump. 2. A thyroid mass associated with unexplained hoarseness or voice change. 3. A thyroid mass associated with cervical lymphadenopathy or supraclavicular lymphadenopathy. 4. Sudden onset of a rapidly expanding painless thyroid mass, significantly increasing in size over days and weeks. 5. A suspected thyroid nodule with associated compressive symptoms, such as breathlessness or dysphagia. 6. Child with a thyroid nodule or goitre. The National Institute for Health...

   Non-urgent referral

   1. Thyroid nodules with abnormal TFTs. Refer to an endocrinologist. 2. Sudden onset of pain within a thyroid lump. (Likely cause is a bleed into a thyroid cyst.) 3. A thyroid nodule picked up incidentally on an ultrasound scan, CT, or MRI, which is more than 1 cm in diameter, if there are no suspicious features of malignancy. Suspicion of malignancy includes a known diagnosis or symptoms suspicious of local malignancy (eg, upper airway or upper gastrointestinal tract), or haematological malig...

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   Thyroid lumps and swellings

   1. Non-toxic (simple) goitre - non-functioning nodules. TFTs are normal. 2. Toxic multinodular goitre - functioning nodules. TFTs are abnormal. 3. Retrosternal goitre (usually multinodular). 4. Hyperplastic nodule (single nodule or part of multinodular goitre). 5. Colloid nodule. 6. Thyroid adenoma. 7. Thyroid cyst. 8. Thyroid carcinoma. 9. Graves' disease- diffusely enlarged overactive thyroid gland. 10. Hashimoto's thyroiditis- autoimmune destruction of the gland may cause diffuse enlargeme...

   Non-thyroid lumps and swellings

   1. Congenital and developmental swellings: 1.1. Thyroglossal cyst 1.2. Branchial cyst 1.3. Pharyngeal pouch 1.4. Dermoid cyst 1.5. Laryngocele 2. Lymph nodes - swelling due to inflammation, infection or malignancy. 3. Salivary gland swellings- tumours, calculi, inflammation 4. Non-thyroid benign and malignant tumours - lipomas, fibromas, vascular tumours, sarcomas.

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   Thyroid function tests

   GPs are recommended to perform TFTs to determine the need for referral, and if so to whom. 1. Those with abnormal TFTs and no suspicious features should be referred to an endocrinologist. 2. Those with thyroid swelling and normal TFT should be referred under the timeline in the 'Red flag features' section above. Those patients with a new thyroid swelling where cancer is suspected, GPs should refer under two-week wait rule.10Referral should be to a surgeon, endocrinologist or other member of a...

   Ultrasound

   This is highly sensitive for detection and characterisation of thyroid nodules11. It is far more sensitive than clinical examination and only a small percentage of nodules detected by ultrasound are clinically palpable. Ultrasound helps to inform which nodules need aspiration for cytology.

   Fine-needle aspiration

   This provides tissue for cytology. It is performed under ultrasound guidance for maximum accuracy11. It is safe, inexpensive and provides direct information.

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6. www.btf-thyroid.org › thyroid-nodules-andThyroid nodules and swellings overview

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   Investigations. Treatment. Further information. Main causes of enlargement of the thyroid. The main cause is unknown but thyroid nodules and enlargement are more common in women than men. Women often develop thyroid enlargement during pregnancy.

7. my.clevelandclinic.org › health › diseasesThyroid Nodules: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic

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   How are thyroid nodules treated? Treatment depends on the type of thyroid nodule. Treatment options include: No treatment/watch and wait: If the nodules aren’t cancerous, you and your healthcare provider may decide that you don’t need to be treated at this time. You’ll see your provider regularly so they can check for any changes in the ...

8. www.mayoclinic.org › diseases-conditions › thyroidThyroid nodules - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic

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   Feb 11, 2022 · Chronic inflammation of the thyroid. Hashimoto's disease, a thyroid disorder, can cause thyroid inflammation and result in enlarged nodules. This often is associated with hypothyroidism. Multinodular goiter. The term goiter is used to describe any enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency or a thyroid disorder.