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Chemistry Final Review: Chapter 1. Matter. Click the card to flip 👆. -the physical material of the universe that has mass and occupies space.
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1. Place a glass of water outside. It will freeze if the temperature is below 0 °C. 3. (a) law (states a consistently observed phenomenon, can be used for prediction); (b) theory (a widely accepted explanation of the behavior of matter); (c) hypothesis (a tentative explanation, can be investigated by experimentation) 5.
- Fundamental Concepts
- Atomic Theory and Models
- Subatomic Particles
- Electron Configuration
- Periodic Table Organization
- Atomic Properties and Trends
- Isotopes and Nuclear Chemistry
- Real-World Applications
Matter consists of atoms, the smallest unit of an element that retains its propertiesAtoms are composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electronsProtons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, and electrons have a negative chargeElements are pure substances composed of only one type of atom (gold, oxygen)Dalton's atomic theory proposed that atoms are indivisible and indestructible particlesThomson's plum pudding model suggested that electrons are embedded in a positively charged "pudding"Rutherford's gold foil experiment provided evidence for the nuclear model of the atomBohr's model introduced the concept of energy levels for electronsProtons are positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atomNeutrons are electrically neutral particles found in the nucleus alongside protonsElectrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy levels or orbitalsQuarks are even smaller particles that make up protons and neutronsElectron configuration describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom's orbitalsElectrons occupy orbitals in order of increasing energy, following the Aufbau principleOrbitals are designated by their principal quantum number (n), angular momentum quantum number (l), and magnetic quantum number (m)The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbersThe periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic numberElements are organized into periods (rows) and groups (columns) based on their electron configurations and propertiesThe periodic table is divided into four blocks based on the type of subshell being filled: s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-blockMetals are located on the left side of the periodic table and tend to be shiny, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricityAtomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shellIonization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in the gaseous stateElectron affinity is the energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gaseous stateElectronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bondIsotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutronsIsotopes can be stable or unstable (radioactive)Radioactive decay is the process by which an unstable nucleus emits particles or energy to form a more stable nucleusHalf-life is the time required for half of a given quantity of a radioactive isotope to decayAtomic structure and properties play a crucial role in various fields, including materials science, energy production, and medicineUnderstanding electron configurations helps predict chemical bonding and reactivity, which is essential for designing new materials (semiconductors, catalysts)Radioisotopes are used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging and cancer treatmentCarbon dating, which relies on the radioactive decay of carbon-14, is used to determine the age of organic materials (fossils, artifacts)AP® Chemistry 2021 Scoring Guidelines © 2021 College Board . Question 1: Long Answer 10 points (a) For the correct expression: [H O ][HCOO ] 3. a [HCOOH] K +− = 1 point (b) For the correct calculated concentration of H. 3. O +: HCOOH + H. 2. O . ←→ H. 3. O + + HCOO – I0.25 0 0 C –x +x +x
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