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Aug 11, 2024 · Key Definition: Cooperation in social psychology refers to the process where individuals work together towards a common goal, often requiring mutual understanding, communication, and coordination. This collaborative effort can lead to mutually beneficial outcomes, promoting social cohesion and interdependence among individuals or groups.
- Examples
- Components
- Implications
- References
Co-action Effects
The mere presence of others can enhance performance on simple or well-learned tasks but may hinder performance on complex or unfamiliar tasks. Co-action effects emphasize how parallel activity, rather than direct competition or cooperation, can impact individual behavior. Perhaps the first social psychology laboratory experimentwas undertaken in this area by Norman Triplett in 1898. In his research on the speed records of cyclists, he noticed that racing against each other rather than against...
Audience Effects
Social facilitation occurs not only in the presence of a co-actor but also in the presence of a passive spectator/audience. This is known as the audience effect. Dashiell (1935) found that the presence of an audience facilitated subjects’ multiplication performance by increasing the number of simple multiplications completed. Travis (1925) found that well-trained subjects were better at a psychomotor task (pursuit rotor) in front of spectators. However, Pessin (1933) found an opposite audienc...
Social Loafing
However, there are instances where the presence of others has the opposite effect. That is, sometimes we don’t work as hard in the presence of others as we do when we are alone, especially if our behavior is not under surveillance. This phenomenon is known as social loafing. Essentially, as the group size increases, some individuals tend to “hide in the crowd” and let others carry the workload. In larger groups, responsibility for the task is spread across many members. This diffusion can mak...
Cognitive Factors
Distraction Conflict (Barron, 1986) theory of social facilitation suggests that rather than the mere presence of others, it is the conflict between giving attention to a person and giving attention to a task that affects performance. This attention conflict motivatesa person to pay more attention to the task and therefore will increase performance for simple well-learned tasks.
Affective Factors
According to Cottrell (1968), it’s not the presence of other people that is important for social facilitation to occur but the apprehension about being evaluated by them. We know that approval and disapproval are often dependent on others’ evaluations, and so the presence of others triggers an acquired arousal drivebased on evaluation anxiety. We are aroused by audiences because we have learned that they evaluate our performance; they are not merely passive spectators, we believe. Such perfor...
Physiological Factors
According to Zajonc, behavior that is either instinctive or very well-learned/ highly practiced is improved, whereas behavior that is novel or complex is impaired. His crucial theoretical contribution was that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses. Zajonc’s explanation is based upon Clark Hull’s theory of motivation which states that a high level of arousal/drive will result in what is now called stressand will produce habitual behaviors (which are often incorrect...
Social facilitation has several implications for understanding behavior in group settings and structuring group tasks. Here are some of the key implications: 1. Performance Enhancement or Deterioration: Depending on the task’s complexity, the mere presence of others can either improve or hinder an individual’s performance. Simple tasks often see a ...
Baron, R. S. (1986). Distraction-conflict theory: Progress and problems. In Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 19, pp. 1-40). Academic Press. Chen, S. C. (1937). The leaders and followers among the ants in nest-building. Physiological Zoology, 10(4), 437-455. Cottrell, N. B., Wack, D. L., Sekerak, G. J., & Rittle, R. H. (1968). Social ...
This module explores the concept of cooperation and the processes that both help and hinder it. Learning Objectives. Define “cooperation”. Distinguish between different social value orientations. List 2 influences on cooperation. Explain 2 methods psychologists use to research cooperation.
Apr 13, 2013 · Social interaction is a process of reciprocal stimulation or response between 2 people. It develops competition, interaction, influences social roles and status and people for social relationships. Compare social loafing. Image Source: Shutterstock.com. Introduction. A dynamic and pervasive aspect of human life is interaction psychology.
Learning Objectives. Define the factors that create social groups and perceptions of entitativity. Define the concept of social identity, and explain how it applies to social groups. Review the stages of group development and dissolution. Figure 10.2 We work together in social groups to help us perform tasks and make decisions.
- Charles Stangor
- 2014
Social influence describes how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors respond to our social world, including our tendencies to conform to others, follow social rules, and obey authority figures. Social influence takes two basic forms: implicit expectations and explicit expectations. Implicit expectations are unspoken rules. Like the unwritten laws
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Feb 20, 2021 · Cooperation is the process of two or more people working or acting together. Cooperation enables social reality by laying the groundwork for social institutions, organizations, and the entire social system.
