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Past Papers. Edexcel. History. Past Papers. OCR. History. Revision notes on 4.2.5 Translation for the AQA A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.
Higher. Gene expression Translation. Gene expression is the process by which specific genes are activated to produce a required protein. The process is made up of the transcription and translation ...
Translation. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. After leaving the nucleus via a nuclear pore, the mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome. Ribosomes consist of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) rRNA is a stable molecule that allows mRNA to attach to the ribosome and is aligned correctly ready for the synthesis of the polypeptide chain.
- Central Dogma
- DNA Replication vs. Translation
- Transcription vs. Translation
- MRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
- Codon Definition
- Anticodon Definition
- Translation Steps
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Translations
- References
In the central dogma of molecular biology, the genetic information is schematically shown to flow from DNA to DNA (by replication) and from DNA to mRNA (transcription) to protein (translation). In the latter, the genetic code from the mRNA is read as a trinucleotide codon, i.e. a set of three adjacent nucleotides.
DNA replication is the process of producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA. The flow of genetic information will be from DNA to DNA by complementary base pairing in terms of adenine-thymine (AT) and guanine-cytosine (GC) base pairing. The enzymes involved in the process are DNA polymerases. Conversely, the flow of genetic info...
Protein biosynthesis is the biological process of creating protein molecules. The first step is amino acid synthesis. Amino acids may be produced from carbon sources, e.g. glucose. Nevertheless, not all amino acids need to be synthesized. Some of them can be obtained from dietary sources. After amino acid synthesis, transcription is the next step. ...
Three RNAs are involved in biological translations. They are mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA). 1. mRNA is the RNA produced from transcription. It is comprised of a 5′ cap, 5’UTR region, coding region, 3’UTR region, and poly(A) tail. The copy of a DNA segment for gene expression is located in its coding region. It ...
Codon, in biology, refers to the set of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA. It is also called a triplet. It complementary base pair with the anticodon of aminoacyl-tRNA. Examples: 1. Guanine-Cytosine-Cytosine (GCC) is the codon for the amino acid alanine. 2. Guanine-Uracil-Uracil (GUU) codes for valine. 3. Cytosine-Uracil-Adenine (CUA) codes for le...
Anticodon refers to the sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on tRNA. It complementary-base -pairswith the codon of mRNA. For example, the anticodon for glycine is CCC (Cytosine-Cytosine-Cytosine) that binds to the codon GGG (Guanine-Guanine-Guanine) of mRNA.
Prior to initiation, a pre-translation step occurs. Called bio-activation, the amino acid binds to the corresponding tRNA by a covalent bond.
The major steps of translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the same (i.e. initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination) and in both cells occurs on the ribosome. Translation in prokaryotes, though, occurs on 70S-type of ribosomes whereas translation in eukaryotes occurs on 80S-type of ribosomes. Because prokaryotes lack membrane-bou...
Central Dogma of Biology. (2014). Retrieved from Csbsju.edu website: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/chem%20and%20society/cent_dogma/olcentdogma.htmlTranslation: DNA to mRNA to Protein Learn Science at Scitable. (2013). Retrieved from Nature.com website: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/translation-dna-to-mrna-to-protein-393/Transcription and translation. (2017, April 26). Retrieved from Uq.edu.au website: https://di.uq.edu.au/community-and-alumni/sparq-ed/sparq-ed-services/transcription-and-translationTranscription / Translation. (2019). Retrieved from Iupui.edu website: https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k3ch13dogma.htmlApr 8, 2024 · Translation of DNA. Translation is the process by which the genetic code contained within a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It occurs in the cytoplasm following DNA transcription and, like transcription, has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Oct 9, 2024 · Accessed 15 October 2024. Translation, the synthesis of protein from RNA. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where messenger RNA molecules are read and translated into amino acid chains. These chains are then folded in various ways to form proteins. Translation follows transcription, in which DNA is decoded into RNA.
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Jul 31, 2022 · Figure 2. Translation begins when an initiator tRNA anticodon recognizes a codon on mRNA. The large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit, and a second tRNA is recruited. As the mRNA moves relative to the ribosome, the polypeptide chain is formed. Entry of a release factor into the A site terminates translation and the components dissociate.
