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Nov 15, 2023 · n. the capacity to influence others. Formal authority enables an individual to exert influence as a result of either high, legally recognized office (legitimate authority) or high rank in a long-established but not legally codified hierarchy (traditional authority). Informal authority is based on the individual having either attributes that ...
Apr 19, 2018 · psychology. n. the study of the mind and behavior. Historically, psychology was an area within philosophy and emerged from it (see epistemology). It is now a diverse scientific discipline comprising several major branches of research (e.g., experimental, biological, cognitive, lifespan developmental, personality, social), as well as several ...
The APA’s definition of psychology is very broad. According to the APA’s website (American Psychological Association, n.d.) “psychology” is the study of both normal and abnormal functioning. The discipline of psychology seeks to uncover the relationships between the mind, the brain, behavior, and the environment.
- Determinism
- Different Levels of Determinism
- Freewill
- Critical Evaluation
- References
External Determinism
External (environmental) determinism sees the cause of behavior as being outside the individual, such as parental influence, the media, or school. Approaches that adopt this position include behaviorism and social learning theory. For example, Bandura (1961) showed that children become aggressive through observation and imitation of their violent parents.
Internal Determinism
The other main supporters of determinism are those who adopt a biological perspective. However, for them, it is internal, not external, forces that are the determining factor. According to sociobiology, evolution governs the behavior of a species and the genetic inheritance that of each individual within it. For example, Bowlby (1969) states a child has an innate (i.e., inborn) need to attach to one main attachment figure (i.e., monotropy). Personality traitslike extraversion or neuroticism a...
Psychic Determinism
Freud also viewed behavior as being controlled from inside the individual through unconscious motivationor childhood events, known as psychic determinism. Freud used this principle to explain phenomena like slips of the tongue(“Freudian slips”), dreams, and symptoms of mental disorders, arguing that they all have meaningful explanations rooted in the individual’s unconscious mind.
However, a problem with determinism is that it is inconsistent with society’s ideas of responsibility and self-control that form the basis of our moral and legal obligations. An additional limitation concerns the fact that psychologists cannot predict a person’s behavior with 100% accuracy due to the complex interaction of variablesthat can influen...
For example, people can make a free choice as to whether to commit a crime or not (unless they are a child or they are insane). One of the main assumptions of the humanistic approachis that humans have free will; not all behavior is determined. Personal agency is the humanistic term for the exercise of free will. Personal agency refers to the choic...
Psychologists who take the free will view suggest that determinism removes freedom and dignity and devalues human behavior. There are important implications for taking either side in this debate. Deterministic explanations for behavior reduce individual responsibility. A person arrested for a violent attack, for example, might plead that they were ...
Bandura, A. Ross, D., & Ross,S.A (1961). Transmission of aggression through the imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582 Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Loss. New York: Basic Books. Chorney, M. J., Chorney, K., Seese, N., Owen, M. J., Daniels, J., McGuffin, P., … & Plomin, R....
Apr 7, 2013 · n. the capacity to influence others either directly or indirectly. Formal authority, for example, enables an individual to exert influence as a result of either high, legally recognized office (legitimate authority). Informal authority is based on the individual having attributes that facilitate achievement of a group.
cognitive science. neurodiversity. psychology, scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals. The discipline of psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behaviour.
4 days ago · With over 9,300 authoritative and up-to-date entries, this best-selling dictionary covers all branches of psychology, including psychoanalysis, psychiatry, criminology, neuroscience, and statistics. It features comprehensive coverage of key areas, for example: cognition, sensation and perception, emotion and motivation, learning and skills ...
