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B-lymphocytes and the humoral immune response. B-lymphocytes (B cells) remain in the bone marrow until they are mature and then spread through the body, concentrating in lymph nodes and the spleen. Millions of types of B-lymphocyte cells are produced within us because as they mature the genes coding for antibodies are changed to code for ...
AQA. History. Past Papers. Edexcel. History. Past Papers. OCR. Revision notes on 11.1.3 Primary Immune Response for the CIE A Level Biology syllabus, written by the Biology experts at Save My Exams.
Antibody function. Antibodies bind to specific antigens that trigger the specific immune response. Antibodies function to disable pathogens in several ways. Pathogens enter host cells by binding to them using receptors on their surface; antibodies can bind to these receptors, preventing pathogens from infecting host cells.
- Anatomy of The Immune System
- Barrier Mechanisms of The Immune System
- Cells of The Immune System
- The Immune Response in A Nutshell
- Part 1 – Innate Immune System
- Part 2 – Inflammatory Response
- Part 3 – Antigen Presentation
- Part 4A – Humoral Immunity
- Part 4B – Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Responses to Different Infections
The immune system is a mobile, circulating system. However, there are some fixed anatomical structures that are important to its function: 1. immune cells are made within the bone marrowduring haematopoiesis 2. the thymus glandis situated just in front of the heart in the mediastinum. It is active throughout life, but is at its largest in childhood...
There are numerous potential ways for pathogens to enter the body. Humans have therefore evolved several physical and chemical barrier mechanismsto prevent the invasion of infective organisms: 1. intrinsic epithelial barriersexist between the body and the outside world. Epithelial cell walls have very tight junctions between them and are therefore ...
There are many different groups of cells involved in the immune response. Depending on which medical school you’re at, you may be expected to be able to recognise them on microscopy, so I’ve included some pictures of actual real cells alongside my silly cartoon ones.
The normal immune response can be broken down intofour main components: 1. pathogen recognition by cells of the innate immune system, with cytokine release, complement activation and phagocytosisof antigens 2. the innate immune system triggers an acute inflammatory responseto contain the infection 3. meanwhile, antigen presentation takes place with...
This is the first line of defence against any infection. It is very fast – it is established within about 4 hours – but is non-specific and has no memory, so it is not strong enough to effectively tackle an infection on its own. It consists of a cellular response by the innate immune system, a chemical response by cytokines and complement, and the ...
The acute inflammatory response is kick-started by innate immune cells, proinflammatory cytokines and complement. It acts as a bridging mechanism tolocalise and contain the infection in the period from about 4-96 hoursafter its onset, when the innate immune system is running out of steam and the specific cellular immune response is still trying to ...
The innate immune system and inflammatory response can only hold off an infection for so long – ultimately, a specific immune response needs to be activated. This is done via antigen presentationto the adaptive immune system. 1. dendritic cells laden with digested antigens travel via the circulation to lymph nodes 2. once they arrive there, they st...
Humoral immunity is the term for a specific adaptive immune response activated by TH2 cells, which leads to the production of B cells and antibodies. This immune response is designed to fight extracellular infections, including most bacteria andfungi, protozoans such as Giardia, and parasitic worms such as Schistosoma.
Cell-mediated immunity is the term for a specific adaptive immune response activated by TH1 cells, which leads to activation of antigen-presenting cells and a cytotoxic T cellresponse. This immune response is designed to fight intracellular infections, including viruses, some bacteria and fungi, and protozoans such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.
It is useful to be able to apply your knowledge of the immune response to different types of infection, especially when it crops up in exam questions. The most important differentiation to make is whether the infection is intracellular or extracellular, as this generally dictates which branch of the adaptive immune response will be activated: 1. ex...
The non-specific immune response involves inflammation, the production of interferons and phagocytosis. Inflammation - the proteins which are found on the surface of a pathogen (antigens) are detected by our immune system. Immune cells release molecules to stimulate vasodilation (the widening of blood vessels) and to make the blood vessels more ...
Jan 17, 2022 · The table below summarises some key differences between the primary and secondary immune responses: Primary immune response. Secondary immune response. Responding cells. Naïve B and T cells. Memory B and T cells. The threshold for activation (i.e., the dose of antigen needed to initiate response) High. Low.
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Apr 10, 2024 · Infection Response: When a pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, enters the body, the immune system responds by activating immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, to engulf and destroy the pathogen. This response can lead to inflammation, fever, and the production of antibodies to eliminate the infection.
