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  1. Jun 29, 2000 · We overcame these obstacles by using stable isotope techniques to determine food-chain length and by taking advantage of the relative isolation of lakes to estimate ecosystem size.

    • David M. Post, Michael L. Pace, Nelson G. Hairston
    • 2000
  2. Dec 11, 2017 · a Food chain length is related to ecosystem volume in oligo- and mesotrophic lakes (dashed line), but not in eutrophic lakes (solid line shown for demonstrative purposes).

    • Colette L. Ward, Colette L. Ward, Colette L. Ward, Kevin S. McCann
    • 2017
  3. Mar 3, 2004 · The biological communities within lakes may be organized conceptually into food chains and food webs to help us understand how the ecosystem functions (Figures 12 and 13). The simplest illustration of the organization of the organisms within an ecosystem is the ecological pyramid (Figure 14).

  4. Food chain length was most closely related to fish species richness ($$r^{2}=0.69$$) and lake area ($$r^{2}=0.50$$). However, the two largest study lakes had shorter food chains than lakes of intermediate size and species richness, producing hump‐shaped relationships with food chain length.

    • M. Jake Vander Zanden, Brian J. Shuter, Nigel Lester, Joseph B. Rasmussen
    • 1999
  5. These are the trophic levels of a food chain in Lake Ontario at the United States–Canada border. Energy and nutrients flow from photosynthetic green algae at the base to the top of the food chain: the Chinook salmon.

  6. Plants form the base of Great Lakes food chains. They’re called producers, because they make their own food by converting sunlight through photosynthesis. They also act as food, providing energy for other organisms.

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  8. Lakes and ponds (also known as lentic systems) are a diverse set of inland freshwater habitats that exist across the globe and provide essential resources and habitats for both terrestrial and...

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