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  1. There are even reasons to think a civilization existed over 300 million years ago. There are many past civilizations.

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  1. Sep 10, 2024 · The clonal evolution model of cancer was developed in the 1950s–1970s and became central to cancer biology in the twenty-first century, largely through studies of cancer genetics. Although it ...

  2. Feb 6, 2020 · Abstract. Cancer develops through a process of somatic evolution 1, 2. Sequencing data from a single biopsy represent a snapshot of this process that can reveal the timing of specific genomic ...

    • Moritz Gerstung, Moritz Gerstung, Clemency Jolly, Ignaty Leshchiner, Stefan C Dentro, Stefan C Dentr...
    • 2020
  3. Sep 15, 2021 · Abstract. Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence suggest a Darwinian model alone is insufficient to fully explain cancer evolution. First, the role of macroevolutionary events in tumour initiation and ...

    • Roberto Vendramin, Kevin Litchfield, Charles Swanton, Charles Swanton
    • 2021
  4. Aug 30, 2021 · Abstract. Clinical and laboratory studies over recent decades have established branched evolution as a feature of cancer. However, while grounded in somatic selection, several lines of evidence suggest a Darwinian model alone is insufficient to fully explain cancer evolution. First, the role of macroevolutionary events in tumour initiation and ...

    • Roberto Vendramin, Kevin Litchfield, Charles Swanton, Charles Swanton
    • 2021
  5. Cancer is driven by the somatic evolution of cell lineages that have escaped controls on replication and by the population-level evolution of genes that influence cancer risk. We describe here how recent evolutionary ecological studies have elucidated the roles of predation by the immune system and competition among normal and cancerous cells in the somatic evolution of cancer. Recent analyses ...

  6. Apr 17, 2014 · Cancer is now widely accepted to be a disease of clonal evolution 6 in which cell lineages acquire a series of traits — the so-called 'hallmarks of cancer' (Refs 8,9). Although some of these ...

  7. Sep 24, 2023 · Cancer evolution and the non-genetic factors involved in treatment resistance. (a) Non-genetic factors can be either heritable (partially) or non-heritable. In case of non-heritable factors, some cells can gain the beneficial state for resistance, but they cannot pass it on to the next generation of cells (top).

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