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- Power Distance. This is the degree to which people in a society expect to be equal. Carl Nassar, PhD, LPC, a professional counselor in Denver, CO, had this to say about power distance.
- Individualism vs. Collectivism. This is the degree to which people focus on their groups. Individualistic societies, like the United States, strongly value personal achievement and focus on individual needs, whereas in collectivist societies, achievements and decisions are made with the group in mind.
- Masculinity vs. Femininity. This is the preference for masculine versus feminine traits in a society. In Hofstede's theory, masculine traits include assertiveness, competitiveness, power, and material success, while feminist traits include nurturing relationships, a good quality of life, and caring for others.
- Uncertainty Avoidance. This dimension deals with how much a society can cope with uncertainty of the future. While every culture must deal with this, cultures with high uncertainty avoidance rely on their set rules and structures about the way things are done to deal with it, whereas those with low uncertainty avoidance are more relaxed.
- Correlations with Other Country’S Differences
- Applications
- Evaluation
- Further Information
geographical proximity,shared language,related historical background,similar religious beliefs and practices,Cultural difference awareness
Geert Hofstede shed light on how cultural differences are still significant today in a world that is becoming more and more diverse. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be used to help explain why certain behaviors are more or less common in different cultures. For example, individualism vs. collectivism can help explain why some cultures place more emphasis on personal achievement than others. Masculinity vs. feminism could help explain why some cultures are more competitive than others. And...
International communication and negotiation
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can also be used to predict how people from different cultures will interact with each other. For example, if two people from cultures with high levels of power distance meet, they may have difficulty communicating because they have different expectations about who should be in charge (Hofstede, 2011).
In Business
Finally, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be used to help businesses adapt their products and marketing to different cultures. For example, if a company wants to sell its products in a country with a high collectivism score, it may need to design its packaging and advertising to appeal to groups rather than individuals. Within a business, Hofstede’s framework can also help managers to understand why their employees behave the way they do. For example, if a manager is having difficulty getti...
Although the cultural value dimensions identified by Hofstede and others are useful ways to think about culture and study cultural psychology, the theory has been chronically questioned and critiqued. Orr and Hauser (2008) note Hofstede’s questionnaire was not originally designed to measure culture but workplace satisfaction. Indeed, many of the co...
The original theory proposed four dimensions along which cultural values could be analyzed: individualism - collectivism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance (strength of social hierarchy) and masculinity-femininity (task-orientation versus person-orientation).
The 6-D model of national culture. Geert Hofstede, assisted by others, came up with six basic issues that society needs to come to term with in order to organize itself. These are called dimensions of culture. Each of them has been expressed on a scale that runs roughly from 0 to 100.
Mar 23, 2017 · Geert Hofstede, in his pioneer study looking at differences in culture across modern nations, identified four dimensions of cultural values: individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity-femininity.
Culturally, the UK scores low for power-distance, a measure of the extent to which less powerful members of society expect and accept that unequal distribution of power. This suggests that people in the UK generally believe inequality should be minimised.
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What are Hofstede's Cultural Values?
Power distance is a measure of the degree to which less powerful members of society expect and accept an unequal distribution of power. There is a certain degree of inequality in all societies, notes Hofstede; however, there is relatively more equality in some societies than in others.
